The Electoral College1 Essay Example For Students

The Electoral College1 Essay When the Constitutional Convention gathered in 1784 they had the difficult task of determining how our government should be assembled and what systems we should use to elect them. They quickly decided congress should have the powers to pass laws and the people should elect these people to ensure they are following the will of the people. But who should elect the president? Congress was the initial choice of most of the framers, but then they realized they first dilemma; by having congress elect the president, he would be loyal only to congress and not the people. The second and most logically thought was to have the people elect the president. However, this too was a problem in the eyes of most of the framers. They felt that people were prone to being rash and emotional and therefore could not be trusted to make a wise decision. So then congress settled on the final choice, which was to be a compromise between the smaller and larger states, which would ensure that the president would be fairly and wisely selected and that smaller states would have the same power as larger states. This system is called the Electoral College. In the Electoral College, each state is granted one vote for every representative and one for every senator, thus ensuring that each state would be equally represented when electing the president. We will write a custom essay on The Electoral College1 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now However, the same question arises every four years, are the ideals that were used to create the Electoral College system over 200 years ago still applicable today or have that outlived their intended purposes? In order to answer that we must first explore the purposes for setting up the Electoral College and then determine how relevant it is to today. The first purpose for setting up the Electoral College was to ensure that congress did not have too much power. When the system of government was finally decided on, our founding fathers understood the importance of the balance of power within the three branches of the government. They called this system checks and balances. This system was set up to ensure that the government would remain loyal to the people and loyal to their states (Hamilton). In The Federalist Papers, No. 68, Alexander Hamilton discusses the importance of having the president elected by the Electoral College. He said that in order to ensure that we do not end up with the same problems that America had with the monarch of England, it was important that the balance of power was spread throughout the government and that no one portion have too much power. Another reason Alexander Hamilton gave for not having congress elect the president was that the founders wanted to reassure states that they had not given up all t heir power to a federal government. In order to ratify the constitution, the framers knew that it would have to be approved in each of the thirteen states. They also knew that these states would be skeptical of a powerful central government that would have the ability to take away all their rights. So, they would have to make sure that each of these states was comfortable with the amount of power given to each branch of the central government. This point is also clearly evident today. During the election this year, the Republican Party ran on a platform that included the premise of a smaller government. This platform was in line with an MSNBC poll that was taken in July 2000, which asked this question, â€Å"Do you think it is important to limit the size of the federal government?† Over 72 percent of the 4,143 people surveyed said they believed that it is important to limit the size of the government. So even in the age of government programs which help support the citizens of this nation, people still understand the importance of keeping our government small. The second purpose for the Electoral College was to give smaller states the same rights and powers as the larger states. There are two primary reasons why the smaller states have the same, if not more, power than the larger states when it comes to electing the president. The first is, a presidential candidate must receive 270 Electoral votes in order to win th e presidency (Law). To do so that means that he would need to receive Electoral votes from a wide range of states and cannot limit himself to a certain region of the country. This means that some of the smaller states will receive the attention of presidential candidates. The second reasons smaller states have the same, or more power, as larger states is in how the Electoral votes are distributed (Law). If you take a state such as Alaska, with a population of 619,500, which has three Electoral votes, this means that they have one vote for every 206,500 in population. Compared to California, which has a population of 33,145,121, and 54 Electoral votes. That works out to be one Electoral vote for every 613,799 in population. That means that someone who votes in the state of Alaska has three times the voting power of someone who votes in California. This is what ensures that candidates for president do not ignore these smaller states. .ub4eb1b12b64af875d7fd4b5924a8dd38 , .ub4eb1b12b64af875d7fd4b5924a8dd38 .postImageUrl , .ub4eb1b12b64af875d7fd4b5924a8dd38 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub4eb1b12b64af875d7fd4b5924a8dd38 , .ub4eb1b12b64af875d7fd4b5924a8dd38:hover , .ub4eb1b12b64af875d7fd4b5924a8dd38:visited , .ub4eb1b12b64af875d7fd4b5924a8dd38:active { border:0!important; } .ub4eb1b12b64af875d7fd4b5924a8dd38 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub4eb1b12b64af875d7fd4b5924a8dd38 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub4eb1b12b64af875d7fd4b5924a8dd38:active , .ub4eb1b12b64af875d7fd4b5924a8dd38:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub4eb1b12b64af875d7fd4b5924a8dd38 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub4eb1b12b64af875d7fd4b5924a8dd38 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub4eb1b12b64af875d7fd4b5924a8dd38 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub4eb1b12b64af875d7fd4b5924a8dd38 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub4eb1b12b64af875d7fd4b5924a8dd38:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub4eb1b12b64af875d7fd4b5924a8dd38 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub4eb1b12b64af875d7fd4b5924a8dd38 .ub4eb1b12b64af875d7fd4b5924a8dd38-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub4eb1b12b64af875d7fd4b5924a8dd38:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Typical Life EssayAnother way to see the effect of size is to look at the analogy of a coin toss. For a simple example, let’s assume that only two candidates are running, A versus B, and each vote is like a random coin toss, with a fifty percent chance of going either way. In your state of three, there’s a fifty percent chance that the other two votes will split, one for A and the other for B, and thus a 50 percent chance that your single vote will determine the election. Therefore candidates will give each of the three of you a lot of respect. As a nation gets larger, the citizens voting power shrinks. If you are part of a five-voter nation, the other four voters would have to split, two for A and two for B – for your vote to turn the election. The probability of that happening is 3 in 8, or 37.5 percent. As the nation’s size continues to go up, individual voting power continues to drop. This power of the smaller states was especially evident during this year’s election. For the first time in many years, the candidates knew that the election would be close. Because of this, presidential and vice-presidential candidates visited smaller states in record numbers. For example, Oregon, with its 7 Electoral votes had 17 visits from these candidates during this election. This more than tripled the number of visits during the 1996 presidential race and reinforced the importance of smaller states having the Electoral College. The third, and last purpose, for the Electoral College was that the framers did not trust the â€Å"mob.† (Natapoff). They believed that a large electorate could easily â€Å"fall prey to passions, rumors, and tumult.† Electors were supposed to consider each candidate’s merits more judiciously, not just blindly follow the popular will. Akhil Amar, a government professor at Yale University, argues that the Electoral College was set up 200 years ago because, â€Å"Common people may not have enough accurate information to make a wise decision and therefore needed someone to ensure the right choices would be made.†(Onion). James Madison, chief architect of the Electoral College, also wanted to protect each citizen against, â€Å"the most insidious tyranny that arises in democracies: the massed power of fellow citizens banded together in a dominant bloc. A well-designed democracy might include obstacles to thwart an overbearing majority and to prevent a candid ate from only wooing the largest bloc.† Madison further explained in the Federalist Papers (No. X), â€Å"a well-constructed Union must, above all else, break and control the violence of faction, especially the superior force of an overbearing majority. In any democracy, a majority’s power threatens minorities. It threatens their rights, their property, and sometimes their lives.†Unfortunately, this has been an ongoing problem since the constitution was written. Some examples of the masses making poor decisions that affect the lives of many can be seen in places like Nazi Germany, where the masses supported the Third Reich and there efforts to eliminate the Jews. This is still happening today in places like Yugoslavia, where the majority continues to elect Slavadon Malosivich even though he continues to kill the people of Bosnia and Croatia. To prevent these types of things from happening in a democracy, you must install safe guards against this and that is why t he framers decided to use the Electoral College system to protect the American people. However, there are some people who feel that the Electoral College has problems. The most widely talked about problem with the Electoral College is the rare occasion when someone can actually win the popular vote and loose in the Electoral College. Just such a scenario is beginning to play in this year’s election. It appears as though Al Gore has won the popular vote while it appears that George W. Bush will win the Electoral College. And this to some people seems very unfair and undemocratic. There are a few problems with this theory. The first is, in order to protect the American people against tyranny, this things may happen. Although, in the last 220+ years, only 5 times has the winner of the popular vote not been elected president. That’s a pretty good track record by any measurement. Second, even though Al Gore did win the popular vote, he knew well before the election that the only majority that mattered is in the Electoral College. The easiest way to explain thi s would be Natapoff’s explanation of the 1960 World Series. .u8afb0e974354175e04e4a26d9b3ab16f , .u8afb0e974354175e04e4a26d9b3ab16f .postImageUrl , .u8afb0e974354175e04e4a26d9b3ab16f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8afb0e974354175e04e4a26d9b3ab16f , .u8afb0e974354175e04e4a26d9b3ab16f:hover , .u8afb0e974354175e04e4a26d9b3ab16f:visited , .u8afb0e974354175e04e4a26d9b3ab16f:active { border:0!important; } .u8afb0e974354175e04e4a26d9b3ab16f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8afb0e974354175e04e4a26d9b3ab16f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8afb0e974354175e04e4a26d9b3ab16f:active , .u8afb0e974354175e04e4a26d9b3ab16f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8afb0e974354175e04e4a26d9b3ab16f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8afb0e974354175e04e4a26d9b3ab16f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8afb0e974354175e04e4a26d9b3ab16f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8afb0e974354175e04e4a26d9b3ab16f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8afb0e974354175e04e4a26d9b3ab16f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8afb0e974354175e04e4a26d9b3ab16f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8afb0e974354175e04e4a26d9b3ab16f .u8afb0e974354175e04e4a26d9b3ab16f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8afb0e974354175e04e4a26d9b3ab16f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Ghosts EssayThe more that Natapoff looked into the nitty-gritty of real elections, the more parallels he found with another American institution that stirs up the same emotion, baseball’s World Series. In the World Series, for example, the team that gets the most runs overall is like the candidate who gets the most popular vote. But to become champion, that team must still win most of the games. In 1960, during a World Series as nail-bitingly close as that year’s presidential battle between Kennedy and Nixon, the New York Yankees, with the combination of Mantle, Marris, and Bill â€Å"Moose† Skowron, scored more than twice as many total runs as the Pit tsburgh Pirates, 55 to 27. Yet the Yankees lost the best of seven series four games to three. Even the Yankees fans conceded that the Pirates deserved to win in this hard fought battle. Runs must be grouped in a way that wins games, just as popular votes must be grouped in a way that wins states. The Yankees won three blowouts (16-3, 10-0, 12-0), but they couldn’t come up with the runs they needed in the other four games, which were close (Table A). In sports, we accept that a true champion should be more consistent than the 1960 Yankees. A champion should be able to win at least some of the tough, close contests by every means available – bunting, stealing, pitching, and dazzling play in the field – and not just hit home runs against third-rate pitchers. A presidential candidate worthy of office, by the same logic, should have a broad appeal across the whole nation, and not just play strongly on a singular issue to isolated blocs of voters. Therefore it can be argued that just because you get more votes, it does not mean that you are the best person for the job. Game1234567Total RunsTotal WinsPittsburgh Pirates63035010274New York Yankees4161022129553The Electoral College was created to ensure that Congress did not have too much power, to give the smaller states more power, and to protect the masses from tyranny. The system the framers of the Constitution formed is an institution that is even more effective today than it was over 200 years ago. My hope is that after reading this paper and evaluating the evidence, you will have gained a better understanding of the importance of the Electoral College and its effectiveness in today’s world. Bibliography:

Drugs, Alcohol, Stimulants, Depressants and Theories Essay Example

Drugs, Alcohol, Stimulants, Depressants and Theories Essay Example Drugs, Alcohol, Stimulants, Depressants and Theories Paper Drugs, Alcohol, Stimulants, Depressants and Theories Paper Stimulants are those drugs that provisionally amplify attentiveness and consciousness. They typically have amplified side-effects with augmented efficiency, and the prevailing alternatives are consequently often drug remedies or prohibited drugs. Stimulant drugs boost the doings of neither the central nervous system, sensitive nervous system nor both. Several stimulants generate a feeling of exhilaration, particularly those stimulants that put forth influence on the central nervous system. Stimulant drugs are therapeutically used to boost or sustain attentiveness, to work against fatigue in circumstances where slumber is not convenient, to thwart irregular states that reduce attentiveness perception, to uphold weight loss and to augment legally the capability to contemplate in individuals with attentional disruptions for instance ADHD (CherlandFitzpatrick 1999, p811). Sporadically, stimulants are used to manage depression as well. Stimulant drugs are at times used to increase stamina and efficiency and to repress hunger, consequently also identified to promote eating abnormality like anorexia if ill-treated. The elation created by several stimulants makes recreational purposes, even though this is against the law within major authorities. Caffeine is found in tobacco as well as nicotine, which is also found in beverages such as soft drinks and coffee, are amid some of the most frequently used stimulant drugs. Recognized stimulants comprise amphetamines, ephedrine, cocaine, modafinil, methylphenidate and MDMA. A stimulant drug is usually referred in jargon as the ‘upper’. These drugs with considerable misuse potential are extremely cautiously controlled substances. Some are legally available merely by recommendation (mixed amphetamine salts, methamphetamine, Dexedrine, dexamphetamine, Adderall. Phenethylamine is a monoamine and alkaloid and it is understood to be a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator. Additionally it is the fundamental chemical composition behind the majority of stimulants, particularly the sympathomimetic amine. The term ‘downer’ talks about the whole class of drug recognized as Depressant Drugs. Depressants are chemical drugs which slow down, or hold back, the performance of brain as well as central nervous system. Though several downers are obtainable nowadays, all plunge to one of the two major classes: sedative-hypnotics and tranquilizers. Tranquilizers are drugs that basically anesthetize, or decrease emotional as well as physical tension. The Sedative-hypnotic drugs take things a further step and provoke sleep. A widespread term for the sedative-hypnotics is the sleeping pills. Generally, the temporary effects of depressants are comparable. Major effects take account of augmented muscular repose and reduced nervousness. During the practice, they reduce self-consciousness, slow spontaneous effects, and damage dexterity. Along the negative aspect, depressants have also a propensity for tedious judgment, decrease opinion, and hinder recollection, responsibilities at work, on the road, or further settings that require clear judgment as well as prompt reactions. To the extent that they are comparable, depressants are still different; predominantly in the system they attain their effects. Broadly used as a sleeping pill, the barbiturate (Seconal, Tuinal,) is as obtainable as legal drugs might be. The most accepted sleeping pill and non-barbiturate is Halcion but Halcion has a negative aspect for it abates quickly that several users have apprehension as the drugs outcomes weaken. Abnormal reactions regarding Halcion were reported including hallucinations, amnesia, and violent behavior. In its legal use, tranquilizers, as depressants, are used to lessen delusions, hallucinations, as well as the intensity of rigorous cognitive-affective illness like schizophrenia. Given that main tranquilizers do not generate effects that people experience as gratifying, they are infrequently mistreated. On the contrary, the minor tranquilizers are the big issues. What people are currently ‘into’ is a set of drugs medically known as anxiolytic (anxiety-reducing); major types consist of meprobamate, benzodiazepine (BZD), as well as the painkilling antihistamines. Addictive Drugs: Tobacco, Caffeine and Alcohol Tobacco is widely known as an addictive drug. In general, smoking a cigarette is the initial group-shared drug occurrence, or the first illegal drug occurrence, akin to the use of Marijuana as it’s frequently unseen and outside the family as well as common societal approval values. Smoking can assist drug use afterward through teaching how to acutely breathe in and hold the smoke within the lungs thus cigarettes or tobacco, as smoked drugs, instigate teens into the feeling of gasping a drug as well as desensitize to a sensation of smoke entering into the lungs used for hashish, marijuana, or crack cocaine. The extent of tobacco use is openly associated to several drug uses; decades ago, tobacco companies disclose that if they take away the nicotine addictive element, people will stop buying tobacco products. Caffeine is actually the most established drug and it is within teas, colas, coffees, chocolates, as well as other various things. Caffeine is thus an addictive drug for the reason that functions on our brain, by means of identical mechanisms as cocaine, amphetamines, as well as heroin to rouse our mind. Though it is considered milder than others, caffeine is maneuvering very similar channels therefore it is addictive. Caffeine is in fact the trimethylxanthine having the chemical formula of C8H10N402. When secluded in uncontaminated structure, caffeine is a colorless crystalline particle with pungent taste. Physicians make use of it as cardiac stimulants and as mild diuretics (augment urine production). However usual folks endure it for â€Å"boost of energy† or sensation of sharp attentiveness it provides; it is frequently used to make individuals to be awake longer. Perceptibly, what is occurs is that our body becomes exhausted and requires rest; however, it is fluffed up instead to action. Our body, constantly pushed to greater action when it needs to stop to relax, is slowly dented. Rather than recovering, the organs of our body increasingly deteriorate and ultimately, the weak ones turn out to be unhealthy. Naturally, Caffeine is found in numerous plants, counting cocoa nuts, coffee beans, and tea leaves. As a result of this, it is established in an extensive multiplicity of foods. Additionally, caffeine is included as well in beverages. As the body turns out to be exhausted, the adenosine is manufactured within the brain, and then it binds to the adenosine receptor; this generates sleepiness through slowing the nerve cell activities. Moreover, the adenosine in our brain causes blood vessels to enlarge consequently further oxygen can arrive at the brain throughout sleeping. For the reason that the existence of caffeine is 6 hours, by the instance we get into bed, we cannot be asleep or we will not get hold of a deep sleep we necessitate; if the last cup of coffee was taken at 3pm, thus by 9pm, we still have 100mg in our body. as a result we feel inferior the following morning and we call for caffeine to be up and doing. Alcohol is an exceedingly addictive drug and it is thus categorized as a depressant drug, for the reason that it will slow down our body as well as our mind. A different way to explain it is that alcohol causes sedation, relaxation, and if an adequate quantity is devoured, the consequence will possibly be coma or even death. Judgment and way of thinking are two of the very important personality transformations that take place. The concentration of which is actually dose-related. The momentum of alcohol absorption has an effect on the speed at which one turns out to be drunk. Different from foods, alcohol does not require being unhurriedly absorbed. It is absorbed instantaneously to out blood, directly having passed within and through the walls of our appetite and frequently in our small intestines and the blood speedily conveys it to our brain (Blum 1991, p15). As an individual drinks quicker than an alcohol can be eradicated, the drug mounts up in our body, ensuing in higher quantities of alcohol within our blood. Alcohol is also burned, metabolized, as well as broken down in our body at a rather steady rate; the time-span for alcohol metabolism have an effect on the pace when one happens to be temperate all over again. Drug Abuse: Theories of Anomie, Differential Association and Social Control Anomie Theory drug use along with mistreatment are societal incidents subject to the clarity and response of the society. There is insight within the disputes of sociologists that societal evils, counting drug addiction, are communally created. Robert Merton defined Anomie as a collapse within the cultural formation, predominantly occurring when there’s a severe disjunction connecting the cultural goals and norms as well as the publicly controlled capabilities of the members of a group to do something in agreement with them. The conduct of an addicted person is complicated from several perceptions; it causes a noticeable challenge to an individual eager to stop but powerless to end it. Addiction commences in consumption manners the notion of deviance and habit: consequently the growth of customs, at social and individual plane, with the cognitive system where they depend on should be considered. A person is not located in a vacuity but she/he acts within specific framework, with informal and formal regulations. Cognition takes place from the individual within this structure and awareness has an important function in the creation of genuine models of manners that may perhaps be rather dissimilar among people. Differential Association Edwin Sutherland proposed this theory explaining that by means of interaction with other people, human beings gain knowledge of the attitudes, values, strategies, as well as motives for illegal manners. This assumption claims that unlawful actions are learned manners and learned by way of social relations with other people. It socially grows for people to make an offense, thus to become addicted to drugs. Differential association envisages that a person will prefer to become addicted to drugs when the equilibrium of classifications for misdemeanor goes beyond those for the obedient. This propensity will be toughened if the social connection provides dynamic individuals in the person’s existence. The person, earlier in his/her life, comes under the pressure of those with high status in a group; the further expected the person to pursue in their path. This doesn’t refute that there may possibly be realistic reasons for misdeed. If an individual is starving but without money, there are persuasions to steal however, uses of ‘values’ as well as ‘needs’ are undecided. To a lesser or greater point, criminal and non-criminal people are provoked by the necessity for money as well as public gain. Social Control Theory Travis Hirschi puts forward that peoples beliefs, relations, values, commitments, and norms persuade them not to follow the laws. Consequently, if the ethical codes are realized and people are attached to, and comprise a chance in a wider society, they are willing to limit their tendency for making deviant deeds. The premise aims to comprehend the customs wherein it is probable to decrease the probability of illegal drug use developing in people. It doesn’t mull over motivational concerns, basically claiming that people may prefer to employ in an extensive variety of activities, except that the range is restricted by routes of social learning as well as socialization (Thombs 1994, p27). Furthermore, Hirschi stressed that immoral groups would have no undeviating effect on criminal behavior when communal bonds restraining misbehavior were considered. He disputed that correspondingly uncommitted youth flowed mutually into groups against the law for the reason that weak societal bonds failed to put off relationship with delinquents along with criminal behavior itself. Groups that reinforce bonds were family, constructive groups, spiritual institutions, school, and so forth. This bond has 4 elements (a) connection (parents, school, peers), (b) dedication to conservative actions, (c) participation in accepted activities and (d) conviction in ordinary values. Social Control Theory highlights the reasonableness in the choice whether to connect in crimes and claimed that individuals were less expected to prefer crime if they have strong social bonds. By means of not intentionally disciplined traits and delinquency or unlawful acts independently, it recommends that concepts on low discipline and tendency for illegal deeds are no different. References: Blum, K. (1991). Alcohol and the Addictive Brain: New Hope for Alcoholics from Biogenetic Research. New York: Free Press. pp. 12-15 Cherland, E. and Fitzpatrick, R. (1999). Psychotic side effects of Psychostimulants: A 5-year review. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 44, pp811-813. Thombs, D. L. (1994). Introduction to addictive behaviors. New York: The Guilford Press.