Location or existence of Atlantis Research Paper

Location or existence of Atlantis - Research Paper ExampleWhatever form these stories may take, they often invite debate, discussion, and controversy as scholars, historians, archaeologists, and academicians try to determine their merits. An example is the Epic of Gilgamesh that tells the story of the Great Flood, which is very eerily similar to the biblical stories of a similar deluge and the survival of a few people much(prenominal) as Noah and his Ark. This epic tells of the existence of a real king named Gilgamesh in the kingdom of Uruk in ancient Sumeria at nigh 2700 B.C.E. as proven by archaeologists. It so happened physical records of his ancient reign were found in ruins in todays modern Iraq. Another interesting epic is that of Saga of the Volsunga class which is partly based from the barbarian invasions during the so-called Great Migration Period (circa 400-800 A.D.) back in Central Europe when the Roman Empire was attacked by Goths, Vandals, Saxons, the Lombards, and Fr anks who were followed later on by the Vikings, Huns, Slavs, and Normans. The Volsunga clan story may have been the basis of another more famous epic, which is the Epic of the Nibelungenlied of middle-high German period. This paper talks on a controversy that is not yet resolved satisfactorily, the existence and location of the lost world of Atlantis. Discussion (Section 2) The on-going controversy close Atlantis may never die gloomy or eventually resolved because it is shrouded in mystery and obscurity. The absence of any physical evidence about its actual location or even its front existence in history cannot be ascertained angiotensin-converting enzyme hundred percent despite the best efforts of archaeologists and historians alike. However, Atlantis has an enduring attraction to some people who swan it had actually existed in human history while a few others also debunk this theory as far-fetched and a mere product of an brisk imagination. Whatever is the truth about Atlant is, various theories had been put forward by eminent people to advance their own beliefs about it and this paper examines five such theories. In particular, this brief essay discusses the merits of each theory while categorizing the theories into either belonging to the group which proves or disproves the very existence of a real Atlantis in the distant past. Before the probable location of Atlantis can be established, it is necessary to first determine whether Atlantis is real or not, which is decidedly a right dash to discuss a topic as controversial as Atlantis. But before discussing its most likely location, it is extremely helpful to put things in place setting and perspective so a preliminary discussion is a necessity whether Atlantis is real or just a figment of imagination, a work of fiction, anything wondrous that was made up, invented, imagined, or fabricated by a brilliant mind. Atlantis comes from the Greek word meaning an island of Atlas as it was thought to be a giv e way given by the Greek gods to Poseidon. Atlas is one of titans in the Greek pantheon of mythology, the one usually seen carrying the Earth (depicted as a globe on his shoulders). Poseidon is one of the twelve gods on Mount Olympus whose domain was the oceans, and he is alternatively called as God of the Sea among ancient Greeks. The history or a story about Atlantis myth can be traced to Greek philosopher Plato who had used it in his stories. This is because Plato

Do culture and claims to human rights stimulate or limit change in Essay

Do culture and claims to human rights stimulate or limit change in transnational order - Essay ExampleRealism on the other hand believe that the way that transnational order is achieved is through states pursuit of power (Bromley and Smith, 2004).Liberalism theories of version are especially useful for analyzing whether or not culture and claims to human rights stimulate or limit change in international order. Liberalism theories draw upkeep to universality and particularity. In this regard, the question for consideration is different standpoints (particularity) find commonality and thus universality in structuring international order (Bromley and Smith, 2004). Human rights in the international political order is often perceived in terms of universality, yet strands of particularity are observed. Therefore, according to cultural relativism, while it is often claimed that human rights are universal because we are all human beings, there are individual claims that what rights are applicable and inalienable depends on cultural values, beliefs and practices (Donnelly, 2007).Cultural relativism is said to be more profound with the challenges resulting from globalization and a multicultural world (Ayton-Shenker, 1995). Disparities in terms of income, access to resources, cultural clashes and so on have raised concerns near whether or not universality in the international ordering can be achieved amidst profound and divergent particularity. Ayton-Shenker (1995) argues that cultural clashes and inequitable differences threatens the international order in that societies may inevitably resort to cultivating their own cultural values and identities.This research paper will therefore use liberalism theories of transformation, especially concepts of universality and particularity to learn whether or not culture and claims to human rights stimulate or limit change in international order. This research paper hypothesized that if cultural relativism

Critically evaluatThe key challenge facing HR Managers in the 21st Essay

Critically evaluatThe key challenge facing HR Managers in the twenty-first century is to facilitate management of culture within organiz - Essay ExampleProceeding from this, it is necessary to find a fundamentally new approach to priorities. The close important factor within any organization is its employees, and consumers -outside it. There is a strong need to turn the consciousness of workers towards the consumer, but not towards their supervisors, towards profit, but not wastage towards the initiative, but not the indiscriminate fulfillment. It is necessary to make a way to social norms, based on sound economic sense, and do not halt about morality. The modern concept of development of production lies in the fact that the maximum productivity, quality and competitiveness clear be achieved only by office of personal involvement of every employee such strategy can stimulate each employee to improve the production process at their workplace first, and at the initiative as a whol e in the future. Involving staff in the process of production service makes a creative atmosphere and becomes a powerful motivator for staff to work that allows each employee to reveal their experience and creative ability. The central element underpinning the management is the professional nature of modern organizational management in economy of market. The term coach implies professional governors hired (Bach, 2005). In fact, it is a kind of social stratum, which plays a prominent role in society. What is the professional gentlemans gentleman resource manager? Since corporate culture generates the responsibility and the ability of people - a competitive advantage, the personnel manager has the following strategic objectives, which must be addressed. Nowadays, first of all, HR manager should possess some special knowledge and skills in the field of production and management, ability to work with people in unlike spheres of activity. Managers activity (regardless of rank and sco pe) is focused on finding and managing resources, ensuring effective and sustainable development of the organization, taking into account the long-term perspectives. It is important to creating competitive advantages through increase level of responsibility of personnel, using the means associated with the management of corporate culture. High corporate culture is able to attract and retain staff, establish the companys reputation, attract high- adroit workers and consumers, as well (Jaffee, 2001). Desire to update and adapt corporate culture to the changing conditions of the environment requires the provision of mutual respect between consumers and employees, continuous improvement of working conditions of staff. Employees involvement in various activities, related to marketing, contributes to their self-esteem (especially professional), the development of personal initiative, improve personal effectiveness. HR-service, along with other business units, should perform a variety of functions - from providing basic operations to strategic planning to succeed. However, many specialists in human resources management commit common mistakes - they tend to focus their attention any on strategic components of management exclusively or on tactical, while it is important to balance the strategic and tactical actions (Jaffee, 2001). One of the main strategies of the HR manager is providing a competitive advantage over other companies, with the help of diligent capacity building, promoting the growth of the employees competence in the professional sphere. Nowadays the activity of HR-managers can

F-14 Plane SHip and Missile Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

F-14 Plane SHip and Missile - Essay ExampleThese planes be so huge that just one carrier has more air power than most other nations. Engineering advancements in aviation allowed the F-14 Tomcat to reaching record speeds and have greater combat range, while using an extreme payload of projectiles, than other U.S. aircraft. Installing a Phoenix AN-54 long range missile to the Tomcats onboard radar further utilized this highly adaptable platform. There was no greater employment of naval superiority than during the first gulf War (1990-1991). From 1974 to the present, the combination of planes, ships, and long range missiles gave the U.S. the most powerful naval aviation industry in the world. Although naval aviation was developed by the U.S, it has taken a long time to become an integral part of the defensive strategies of U.S. In 1910, the U.S. Navy conducted a demonstration from a cruiser, the USS Birmingham (CL-2), and launched the Curtiss 1991 Model D aircraft from the deck. tho ugh the ship was at anchor, Eugene Ely coaxes his Curtiss biplane from the shipactually brushed the water before Ely gained altitude (Reynolds 7). After this historic two minute flight, Ely would also go on to complete a carrier landing at sea two months after. This was an extreme test of man and machine. The landing was made possible by bright arresting gear-ropes stretched between sandbags that slowed and stopped the plane (Reynolds 7). ... The Chance Vought F4U Corsair was flown after 1942 and maintained combat superiority in the Pacific Theater of Operations. This U.S. Navy hoagie bomber utilized Americas naval aviation advantage over the Japanese from mid-1943 until the end of the war. Flown by both the U.S. Navy and the U.S. Marine Corps, squadrons were apace trained to operate their F4U Corsairs from a flight deck and assigned to fast carriers (Remolds 159). This numerical advantage was further exploited by the quality of trained pilots and their capability to alter their battle plans in theater. Thus, the division of labor by the carriers and the subsequent rotation of experienced pilots proved too much for the Japanese military. A telly show, The Black Sheep Squadron, depicted this segment of the war in the Solomon Islands, which is located in the South Pacific. Gregory Pappy Boyington, a character portrayed in the show, commanded the squadron, which was nicknamed Boyingtons Bastards. Boyington received the palm of Honor from President Roosevelt for his leadership along with an accredited 26 Japanese aircraft kills (Geranios 2). This ingenuity, skill, and experience were evident throughout WWII, which ended with the use of the atomic bomb. During the Vietnam War conflict, the McDonald Douglas F-4 spectre became the jet powered workhorse with its superior speed as a fighter-bomber. It was used by both the U.S. Navy and the newly formed U.S. Air Force. The F-4 was very victorious and remained operational until the conclusion of the first Gulf Wa r. This two seat fighter-bomber, with atop speed of 1,500 miles per hour, achieved numerous land speed records and provided a stable platform for new, emerge electronics.

The French Headscarf Affair Essay Example for Free

The french Headscarf involution EssayThe Headscarf affair which took place in France during the 1990s is a clear political science agency of the French refusal to revise their landal indistinguishability. As the rate of post-colonial migration rose, so did the population of Muslims living in France. This rise of Muslim population spurred the start of the Headscarf affair which was apply as a tool, against Muslims, to prevent the revision of the French discipline identity. The affair was justified by three main reasons, 1) to protect the idea of Secularism, 2) to achieve a visible integration and 3) to prevent the inevitable Islamic invasion of France. These three justifications, when considered in conjunction with each other, are able to show how the Headscarf affair in France is representative of a French refusal to revise their national identity and incorporate their parvenu post-colonial migrants into their participation. The French held high the ideology of Republic U niversalism, a notion that postureed to settle traces of difference between people, resulting in a national sameness. From this, the idea of Secularism was formed which aimed to provide a clear barrier between the State and religion.If the French could succeed in executing the idea of Secularism, they could separate the state from religious practices which would in cultivate remove any religious divides that exist in society which would lead to a religious sameness which in turn would add to the national identity of France and would prevent a revision of this identity. The Headscarf affair became the French governments tool to the protection of Secularism in France. In 1989 the affair began when headmaster Ernest Cheniere refused to let three girls, each wearing an Islamic Headscarf into school on the cause that it would contravene with the principle of Secularism.The affair continued to gain momentum until in 1994 Francois Bayrou, the Minister for Education, put a ban on the we aring of any undefended religious symbols to school, with the aim of removing any religious divides and promoting equality and sameness. This rapid growth of the affair from the point of a refused entry to a ban on the Headscarf not only shows the French dislike towards the Muslim community but also indicates how the Headscarf affair, through the implementation of Secularism, represents the French refusal to revise their national identity.To the French it seems that appearance is more than than reality when it comes to the idea of national identity. It can be argued that the French, with consideration to the post-colonial influx of Muslims, were only after a visual integration. It did not matter if the nation was actually unified and could be identified on a deeper more patriotic level the focus was on the appearance of the nation. If the citizens of France appeared to have one identity, an identity that promoted the idea of sameness, as discussed earlier, then the national identi ty of the bucolic was upheld.In order, however, for the French to retain this identity of visual integration and sameness, something had to be done virtually the Muslim women who were emphasising religious differences by wearing the headscarf. Action was taken against visual setbacks to national identity in 1994 when, as previously stated, Francois Bayrou placed ban on the wearing of all overt and ostentatious religious symbols. His justification was that the wearing of such symbols separated students by causing visible barriers to assimilation, integration and unification.Clearly, the aim of Bayrou was to demolish any visible differences between the citizens of France and retain this visible unification that was deemed to be the French national identity. Ironically however, excluded from this ban were the Christian Crucifix and the Judaic Kippa, both being deemed discreet. Had Bayrou been consistent in his ban of visible and overt religious symbols, his justification of the sep aration of children may have been plausible.With this ironic exclusion in mind we are now in a position to examine the real underlying factor as to why the Headscarf affair began in the kickoff place and why the French used it to protect a potential revision of their National Identity. The primary and underlying factor contributing to the French Headscarf Affair during the 1990s is the French paranoia of the phenomenon of Islamicization. The French were convinced that with the mass influx of post-colonial Muslims, an Islamic invasion of France would come and with this invasion would come the rapid demise of the already established French national identity.As the wearing of the headscarf became more apparent on Islamic women in France, the French paranoia grew stronger with the Front National party going as far as proclaiming that the Muslims were implanting themselves symbolically by the wearing of the headscarf. In an attempt to protect their country from Islamic invasion and a potential revision of their national identity, the French implemented the ban on Islamic Headscarves and recruited support for this ban from the French community. The government used the media as their main source of recruitment practically portraying Muslim girls as tools used by the Islams to infiltrate France.Newspapers began to sprout exaggerated and bias headlines such as Headscarves, the plot how are Islamists infiltrating us and articles declaring that the fact that Muslim girls wished to wear a headscarf was a clear sign of Invasion. With the support of the majority of the citizens in France, the French began executing the headscarf ban around the country in a desperate attempt to defend their nation from the invasion by a troubling stranger and the fear of losing supremacy and in turn prevent themselves from having to completely reconstruct their national identity.As we can see by examining the French Headscarf Affair and its three primary reasons of justification, the p rotection of Secularism, the achievement of telescopic Integration and the prevention of an Islamic invasion, the Headscarf affair of the 1990s does in fact represent a French refusal to revise their national identity and incorporate their new post-colonial migrants into their society.

Beauty Is a Combination of Qualities Essay Example for Free

Beauty Is a Combination of Qualities EssayBeauty is a combination of qualities that will pleasure to the senses. It is an inborn instinct in hu man to appreciate beauty. Beauty both of nature and of human form have been a powerful draw poker for men and women of totally times and climes.A beautiful object fills the heart with joy and enliven. The soul gets stirred by the external view of beauty. Man has real an eye for beauty right from the Stone Age. The earliest cave-paintings depicting animals and trees prove the cavemans love for beauty. Artistic creations are mans attempts to depict the joy created by beauty.A soulfulness may see a beautiful thing for a short duration but its memory lasts for a long time. Man cherishes the beautiful moments in life. The imagination helps to revive and relive the happy moments spent in the company of beautiful things. A colorful butterfly seen for five minutes gives instant delight for the same time, but if that scene is recaptured twe nty, the joy becomes twenty fold.Beauty abounds in nature. The sunrise, the sunset, the moon, the starts, the rainbow and the seasons delight the senses. Beautiful sight and sounds of nature provide pleasure to man. The rivers, the forests, the green mountains, the snow-capped peaks and the flowers are beautiful objects of nature. They leave an impression on the mind of man. Recollection of this impression becomes a constant spring of joy.Beautiful objects are a source of inspiration for poets to compose poetry. Poets are much moved by beautiful sights than people of ordinary imagination. Keats was a great lover of beauty in all its varied forms. In most of his poems, Keats appreciate different forms of beauty. The dancing daffodils seen by Wordsworth during his travel left a mark in his memory. He composed a poem on daffodils after four years of that visit but he felt the same delight, which reflected in the poem. This proves that any aspect of beauty leaves and ever-lasting int rusion on human heart and soul. The great Sanskrit poet Kalidas has also graphically described in his poem Kumar Sambhav, the beauty of the forest blooming all round with the converge of spring.Beautiful sights influence the painter to draw the same. His paintings are a poetry of colors which depicts nature as it is on the canvas. A painter always stiff in search of a place where he could find ay form of beauty whether of nature or human to adorn his canvas with everlasting go of beauty. A human face painted by a master painter will not only show the physical structure in its exact form but also reveal the emotion of the subject. The paintings of Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Hogarth, Rabindra Nath Tagore, Nand Lal Bose, M.F Hussain an others are a feast for the eyes and the mind.What is rightful(a) of poets and painters is equally true of sculptors, architects and musicians. They derive pleasure by creation of beauty. Their beautiful works are appreciated by all. A musician creat es beauty by the harmonious blend of various notes and tunes. This harmony is a source of pleasure for the listeners. The music of Tansen, Baiju Dawra, Ustad Faiz Khan, Ustad Amjad Ali Khan, R.D Drman and others have been widely appreciated and applauded.Beauty is present every where like nature, literature, sculpture, architecture and so forth Cement, stone, wood, brick all these things have no shape and beauty but when they are used artistically by the architect, they take the form a beautiful building. A number of historical building all over the world is a great world. Taj Mahal in India, Eiffel Tower in Paris, Opera House in Australia, The capital wall of China, are some of the buildings which are famous for their beauty.Spiritual beauty is something nobler and higher than physical beauty. It is related to the beauty of the spirit and the soul. Spiritual beauty touches or soul. The pleasure and joy, we derive from it is sublime. Spiritual beauty is accompanied by truth and go odness- Satyam Shivam Sundaram as expressed by sage. We find a similar view in Keats poem, when he says, Beauty is truth, truth beauty. Keats regards spiritual beauty as the source of true joy. Beauty according to Shelly is eternal. An object of nature may decay and man may die, yet both survive in thought, for beauty never dies.Beautiful objects of nature also uplift the sprit if a pessimist. One takes a corner from the environment of big cities and flocks to hill stations. The beautiful sights of nature in the hill stations refresher the mind. They influence a person to perform his task more efficiently then before. Beauty of nature has a soothing effect in it. In one of his poems, Shelly said that even death will be peaceful for him while watching the beautiful aspects of nature.Beauty, whether physical or spiritual always gives us joy. There is harmony in the beautiful objects. This harmony is the dimension of the soul. Beauty links man with eternity. A thing of beauty is a jo y forever.

Movie One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest Essay Example for Free

Movie One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest EssayNurse Ratched Thats okay, Nurse Pilbo. If Mr. McMurphy does not unavoid equalness to take his medicine, we will just have to arrange for him to have it some another(prenominal) way, although I dont think hed like it very much.In the movie, although most of the patients atomic number 18 not chronics (committed forcibly), nobody ever leaves to gear up their autonomy. Nurse Ratched, under the guise of a counselor interested in helping them to overcome their problems and establish indep stopping pointence, genuinely habits implicit and explicit measures to oppress them and keep them captive in a de facto dictatorship. One of the ways to keep the patients docile and puerile is exemplified in the foregoing dialogue. The economic consumption of lozenges indicates an oral fixation and an inability to progress to the proper phallic defend. Even if the pills argon not the catalyst of the arrested developwork forcet, and their neuroses be the result of arrested development that preceded their admission to the hospital, the pills win flat come out of the closet any possibility of ameliorating their problems.McMurphy, who is the quintessential representation of democracy and rugged individualism, has no much(prenominal) problems. However, in an attempt to control him, Ratched threatens to forcibly insert the pill into his body rectally. Such an action, if completed, would symbolize a regress to the anal stage,successfully removing him from the world writ large and the Law of the Father. Luckily, McMurphy feigns swallowing the pill to appease her, and hence spits in out.Two incidents that support psychoanalytic reading baton Bibbitt is a stuttering, virginal, thirty-year old boy child. His inability to establish solidarity with anyone, especially of the opposite sex, and his profound difficulty articulating himself, give tongue to an inability to successfully enter the Symbolic realm and establish a name for himse lf. He is strikingly similar, in many an(prenominal) ways, to the monster in Frankenstein. However, towards the end of the movie, he is wheeled in a wheelchair into an isolated room, where he has sex with a strumpet. As he sits in the wheelchair, he is ill, malignant to society, a crabmeat who has been successfully removed.However, aft(prenominal) coitus, he go aways confident, holding his head high, laughing, and most importantly, he does not stutter. Nurse Ratched asks him if he is ashamed of what he did. He says, No, Im not as articulately as an ambassador. Unfortunately, Ratched threatens to tell his mother, which once again removes him from the Symbolic realm, forcing him to stutter again, losing the linguistic facility he required. It is too much for him to bear. He kills himself.Charlie Cheswick, an insecure neurotic, becomes enraged, overtly challenging Nurse Ratched when she hides his cigarettes. Inspired by McMurphy and his democratic, paternalistic ideals, he begins t o see the cigarettes as a phallic symbol, his absent father, desperately attempting to return to the imaginary stage so that he can accept his fathers dominance, disabuse himself of an overwhelming need for his mother, and enter the Symbolic realm, thereby gaining his autonomy. Unfortunately, Ratched and the sadistic orderlies put an end to his fustian ranting, and he is led away, crying, to receive electro-shock therapy. L reading of one instance exploitation psychoanalysisMartini, played by Danny Devito, not whole has a childlike physicality, only ifhas a puerile affect as well. He does not speak throughout the entire film, except for non-sequiturs and sibilant and monosyllabic utterances in response to McMurphys remarks and eer has an innocent smile on his face, oblivious to the meaning of language (he cannot understand McMurphys explanations of how to play cards). This shows an inability to pull the imaginary realm, as he is not able to successfully construct meaning with others.However, towards the end of the movie, by and by all of the patients reveled in bacchanalian bliss, Nurse Ratched asks him to pick up her soiled cap, which lay on the floor. He understands her and, smiling, carries out her order. He may not be able to understand the Law of the Father, but he can understand Ratcheds language (the signifier) and the thing that it signifies (oppression that relegates him to eternal childhood).Themes and Issues** McMurphy (Law of the Father) versus Ratched (the maternal thing and object a which the patients are seeking, but can never recover. However, the faade of possibly grasping it Ratched strings them along- keeps them hostage).** Taciturnity versus fluencySymbols** Cigarettes are symbolic of the phallus** Pornographic playing cards, which can possibly be symbolic of a mother figure, are here used (I believe) to stimulate sexual desire in an attempt to draw the patients towards the Symbolic realm).** Pills are symbolic of an oral fixation .** Wheelchair is symbolic of paralysis (stifled by Ratcheds dictates), but when Billy Bibbitt falls out of the wheelchair, into the arms of a woman, Ratcheds control is vitiated.why I believe in this readingBecause psychical illness, or the perception of mental illness, is the focus of the movie, psychoanalytic literary criticism is perhaps the best critical theory to analyze the themes and characters. The aberrant behavior manifested by the patients can easily be explained using the imaginary and symbolic realms, and metaphoric connections can be drawn, as the heading symbols shows. This is not only an easy and productive theory to use for this movie, but one which yields (I believe) truthful explanations.Reader receptionTextual PassageBut Doc, she was fifteen years old, going on thirty-five, Doc, and, uh, she told me she was eighteen and she was, uh, very willing, you know what I meanI practically had to take to sewin my pants shut. But, uh between you and me, uh, she might hav e been fifteen, but when you get that little red beaver right up there in front of ya, I dont think its untamed at all now and I dont think you do eitherNo man alive could resist that, and thats why I got into jail to begin with. And now theyre verbalize me Im crazy over here because I dont sit there like a goddamn vegetable. Dont make a bit of sense to me. If thats whats bein crazy is, then Im senseless, out of it, gone-down-the-road, wacko. But no more(prenominal), no less, thats it.In the foregoing passage, McMurphy defends his sanity with an apology that would be difficult for anyone in society to disagree with. He portrays the distaff as the lascivious one, so interested in satisfying her sexual desires that she prevaricates about her age to copulate with the unsuspecting McMurphy. He portrays himself as the all-American male, respectful of women, nonetheless having a strong libido, ready, willing, and able to cleave the beaver at a moments notice. J He becomes the victim when he ascertains her true age, and derides the system for questioning his mental health for acting as any other man would in his situation. He concludes his defense with verbalirony, acerbically vociferating that if such behavior is abnormal, then he is thus the king of craziness.Two incidents that support reader-responseMcMurphy knows that the others are not crazy, and although he may not be able to articulate it, knows that they are all being governed by an autocrat with no interest but self-interest. In an effort to overcome the totalitarian regime, he knows he must(prenominal) win the other patients over to his side. To become victorious over Nurse Ratched, he feigns watching the World Series, creating his own game, a game which is a foundation of democratic ideals, as American as apple-pie. Nurse Ratched looks on in disbelief and rage as the patients, usually reticent and phlegmatic, become excited and happy, buying into McMurphys ideals. She immediately importunes them to stop, but as the outlook ends, they continue their revelry. It appears that McMurphy has the upper- hand.The movie takes place in the 1960s, when racism was still prevalent. It is important to note that all of the patients are white, yet powerless, and all of the orderlies, a menial job, are black, yet dominate the patients throughout the movie. Not only do they physically control the patients, but also are mentally and emotionally healthier, and they have more complimentarydom (they listen to the World Series, while the patients cannot). Perhaps even implicitly, the director is advocating equal rights for African Americans, or perhaps even insinuating that blacks are superior to whites. However, since they must answer to those in charge (who are also white) the latter theory does not seem plausible. The director most likely wants to show how powerless the mentally ill truly are, to be controlled by people who were subjugated and kept in bondage for hundreds of years. They are tru ly the dregs of society.Interpretation of one character using reader-responseAlthough point Bromden seems to be more powerless than McMurphy throughout most of the film, it is he who survives and escapes into the world writlarge at the movies end. Bromden has intrinsic strength, but is otiose to find it throughout most of the movie because it is concealed by a hatred for the world (fostered by his fathers alcoholism). However, he buys into McMurphys democratic ideals, his vision of freedom, and desires to break free from the bondage and begin a life full of promise. Unfortunately, he is forced to do it alone because McMurphy, who appears to be so powerful throughout the entire film, is only affecting interest in freedom. He knows that he is a pariah, and desires to be incarcerated to escape the pain of the world. He lies to himself and to others when he spreads his vision of autonomy.He has several chances to escape to freedom during the movie, but forsakes them in favor of wild a ntics. However, intractability and totalitarianism do not mix. His obstreperous antics and unwillingness to escape from his subjugation cause his demise. later he is lobotomized, and Bromden understands McMurphy will never be free, he knows that he can never be free unless he escapes from the institution. Hanging on to the ideals of democracy, which he now firmly believes in, he knows he must be strong enough to accomplish the dream that McMurphy could not fulfill. He suffocates McMurphy so that he can make happy freedom after all, and then uses brute strength to experience a freedom of his own as he throws the fountain, which McMurphy could not lift, through the window). It appears that Bromden is the stronger of the two after all, and McMurphys strength was always artificial. He was not able to change any of the other patients with his worldview, but it appears verisimilitude can have positive effects after all. Where is Chief Bromden now, I wonder?Themes/Issues** Democracy vers us totalitarianism**Perception versus reality** Black versus white** Femininity versus masculinity**Criminality versus insanity** Nature versus nurture** affable constructs and identity formationSymbols** Music symbolizes regimentation and control** Sex symbolizes freedom** Race, affect, cognitive development, gender, and mental stability symbolize stratification.** Mental facility symbolizes a microcosm with the macrocosm, which is directly different to the ideals the macrocosm embraces rationing of face-to-face effects, bedtimes, facilitated and monitored conversations, etc.** Choice symbolizes the taboo.Why I believe in this readingWithout reader response, subjectivity cannot exist. When myriad ways of aspect at the world do not exist, provincialism ensues, and eventually a maniac like Nurse Ratched may govern us all. J To anticipate myopia and societal malignancies (racism, classism, chauvinism, and other biases), it is necessary to view texts, and by texts I mean everythi ng society that can be analyzed, as objectively as possibly, analyzing them from many perspectives. I am grateful to have the ability to use my mind to attempt to develop solutions to the ills of the world, because some people live in worlds that preclude them from using their minds to seek justice for themselves and others. Nurse Ratcheds must be thwarted forwards they establish powerFeminist ApproachTextual PassageNurse Ratched Why did you ask that girl to marry you Billy?Billy I, I, I, loved her Nurse Ratched.Nurse Ratched Why didnt you tell your mother about it? Your mother told me you didnt tell her.Billy Bibbitt ( He is silent and hangs his head in shame).Charlie Cheswick (Fearfully and hesitantly) Nurse Ratched, let me ask you a question.Nurse Ratched (Angered, with fire in her eyes, affecting concern) Go ahead, Mr. Cheswick.Charlie Cheswick Nurse Ratched, sanctimony you see hes uncomfortable. I mean, if he doesnt want to talk, cant we just go on to some new pedigree.Nurse Ratched ( Impatiently and caustically, verging on a diatribe) The business of this meeting, Mr. Cheswick, is therapyWhile it might appear that Nurse Ratched is genuinely concerned about Billy at first glance, after further examination it is apparent, from this discourse and other interlocution throughout the movie, that she has deep seated sexual problems and loathes men, hatred that may be the product of inequalities or abuse that she has experienced at the hands of men. While openhanded men should not have to apprise their parents of relationships with the opposite sex, Nurse Ratched thinks it is imperative. She is remembering promises of fidelity from sweet-talking Lotharios, men who proposed marriage, but did so clandestinely, all in an effort to use her for sexual pleasureShe loves Billys inability to articulate himself, because hecannot flatter women with lies, and break their hearts, as men broke hers. She values men who are close to their mothers because such relationships are built on trust and innocence. Those who keep secrets can conspire to hurt others for their own selfish gain. Mothers hate that When she attempts to counsel Billy, she does so from a personal bias, even if she does not see it. In an effort to assuage her own pain, and the oppression of all women in society, she destroys Billys self-image, emasculating him, making him as powerless as she is.Interpretation of Mildred Ratched using feminist criticismMildred Ratched shows a desire, a compulsion really, to completely control every man on the ward throughout the entire movie. She knows she cannot establish such power with completely healthy men, so she cherishes her time at the ward (if one is on the qui vive during the movie, it is apparent that she comes when the sun just rises and leaves when it is dark shes a fanatic). She is attempting to create her own world, one where she is completely in charge, and the oppressive ideologies of a patriarchal society become a de facto fiction. Almost all of the men are taciturn, or when they do speak, the language is fragmented and uncertain. Her language is omnipresent and omnipotent, superseding and threatening to completely obliterate the language of the outside world. When McMurphy, an intractable democratic ideologist with glib on his tongue and subversion on his mind comes to the facility, her own suppression becomes a reality once again, and she knows she must fight until she tames this wild beast.Although McMurphy proves to be a formidable foe, she defeats him in the end, proving that a womans language can defeat the oppressive language of men when the two collide, and that others will still accept it after the battle is over. It is interesting that a male, Chief Bromden, who is thoroughly emasculated throughout the entire movie, has to generate the strength to escape from feminine language to enter the mannish language of the world writ large. It is NO LONGER the world writ large. Nurse Ratcheds world has turne d into the macrocosm, and everywhere else is just a microcosm, only tangentially connected to reality proper, a reality that the virtuous Nurse Ratched creates.Two incidents that support this kind of readingI have already covered a lot, so I will give two brief examples. Randall McMurphy says Theyve been giving me ten-thousand volts a day and I/ hot to trot. The next woman to take me ons gonna white up like a pinball machine and pay off in silver dollars. Nurse Ratched shows anger at first, and then affects amusement before changing the subject. She in sickened by his objectification of women, but then understands that she has him under her control. He wont be gettin any nookie if she can help it J previous in the film, she hides the patients cigarettes as punishment for gambling. The cigarettes represent phalluses, which she has complete control of. She emasculates them, and will only give their members back if they are good boys and follow her rules.