Costs and benefits of Globalisation on Indias Economy

Costs and benefits of Globalisation on Indias EconomyIntroductionIn this essay we ar about to go Global. Recent events on the financial market show how interdependent the solid ground is. Common value should not be forbid notwithstanding what about earthy losses. Who should be responsible for them? Many blame ball-shapedisation. What is it and does the world has other options to develop. Should we return to the strategies of the past? Or should we track to live through an age of essential stinting revolution? The term world(a)isation generates constant debates and controersies. But most of those who talk about globalisation are not even aware of its fundamentals.The term globalisation is used rather vaguely. Globalisation is the one specific modality of international integration. Technology has definitely changed the means of way we live and also the ways in which the contrast is done in world today. The country by means of internet connection and enthusiastic workers fecal matter kick in access to unlimited jobs and industries. Lets consider a picture of a world where all limitations are disappearing. A world where there are no boundaries and where competition can come from anywhere. Thats the world where our future lies. To make this world a healthier place globalisation is going to play a very important role.There are somewhat who believe that we must try to turn our back down on this novel world. They also think that the chance to preserve our aliment standard is to make a fortress around the country and stop trading and depend only on our own industries. But at birth it is impossible to turn back the waves of globalisation exactly in doing so we can actually make ourselves worst off. So instead of fearing the future we should embrace it.Globalisation and Structure of Indian EconomyThe best definition of globalisation has been expressed through a poem by Canadian economist Gerald Helleiner- The poor complain, they always do, but that is fai r idle chatter. Our system (globalisation) brings reward to all, at least to all who matter.Broadly speaking the term globalisation is most definitely an sparing change. Even though it is modeled as a way of bringing the world together, globalisation is all about the business community breaking down the remaining barriers to the escaped flow of its capital around the world.It fundamentally means opening up of any country economy system and its integration among the other economies of the world. It involves liberalism and implementation of stinting liberalization policies and reforms to promote the progression of private arena. The word globalisation itself means something new is happening to the world. The world is becoming a single place and experiencing global practices, values and technologies that are shaping people lives to the point that we are entering a global age. For India, there are ample confusions about the costs and benefits of globalisation. primarily Indians thi nk that as the nation state has laid down their arms to globalisation all the perils are hurting and hunting.Data Source Projection VMW analytical ServicesIndias population is fast approaching a million this fact is easy to read but much more(prenominal) difficult to absorb one potassium million people, each of whom sees the world in a slightly or radically different way from the others. Since Indian independence in 1947, the economy of India has change magnitude almost exponentially (Refer Fig. 1). From early 1990s, different governments know adopted inward oriented ontogeny strategies i.e. the state encouraging an economy through self adequa ten-spotess and a dominant role in the economy via state planning. Forces of demand and supply were not allowed to play any key role in resourcefulness allocation.ImportsAfter 1991 balance-of-payments crisis, where contrasted currency reserves fell to $1 billion puffiness went high to 17%, India laid numbers of stabilization-cum-s tructural adjustment measures with widespread make. The main remove was to remerge the Indian economy with the world economy by reducing barriers to trade and investment, and deregulation of a highly bureaucratized economy. The abroad Direct Investment was also support to reduce the countrys reliance on debt-creating capital inflows, simultaneously renovating Indias ancient technologies and advancing easily into global markets.ExportsIndia gross domestic product process from 1991 2007. Since then the real exporting growth rates of goods and services in 2006 and 2007 record high levels 8.6% and 9.7% (Refer Fig. 2). The propellant growth of exports doubled Indias share in world exports of goods and services from 0.5% in 1991 to almost 1.7% in 2007. Even India imported 11.4% more goods in 2006 and 13% in 2007 as compared to the modal(a) growth rate from 1995 to 2005 (11.3%). As a result, Indias trade ratio of imports confident(p) exports to GDP has twofold since 1991, from 16 .5% to 45% in 2007.Regardless the unfinished reform agenda, Indias GDP growth (Refer Fig. 3) has increase 9% over the past 3 historic period, by an average of 5.8% annually during the period 1991-2004. It contributes nearly 2% to world GDP and around 1% to world exports of goods and services (Source World Development Indicators). Consistent with excellent growth, per capita incomes were doubled from 1990 to 2007 and poverty dropped from 46% in 1986 to 36% in 2000. However, poverty remains a grave problem.Recently several economists and lobbyists have compared Indian economy with that of mainland China but its progress path has been significantly different from Chinas. Indeed, it has been also very different from that followed earlier by Japan, Korea and the other Asian giants. Firstly, the recent economic rhytidop movey in India is largely thanks to services rather than manufacturing sector. India has became a global player in several services sectors such as IT and business proce ss outsourcing, while its manufacturing sector keep suffering from low productivity. Secondly, the 2/3rd of Indias population lock away rely on agriculture for a living as compared other Asian countries and thirdly, India try to remains closed to trade in comparison to other developing and emerging countries. Even FDI inflows have also ten folded in last two decades. It has been tripled since 2005 and in 2007 it was around $23 billion (Data Source Government of India, Ministry of Finance, Economic survey). But India is not yet as surrender in the Central and Eastern Europe markets as China is. Its share in the European market was 0.7% (2006), almost unchanged from 1990s. However, Chinas share in these markets has increased sharply from 1.3% in 1992 to 5.7% in 2006 (Data Source OECD).Indian has the potential and should make the efforts to move from good growth to rapid constant growth. The problem in India lies in the spurring productivity which is badly affected by the low educati on and health reforms and also by the petite openness of the Indian economy. Indias weak al-Qaeda has hurt the booming potential of Indian production. From undependable energy, lacking water supply to bad road and train conditions, infrastructure shortages have created high business costs across the sectors (Source OECD, 2007c).Benefits and Costs of Globalisation on Indian EconomyGlobalisation has been a classical process with ups and downs. Its growth has been largely led by the technological forces in the fields of transport and communication. The flow of trade has been frequent and there are lesser barriers for the people across the geographical boundaries. There are less tax barriers and fewer limitations on fund flows. India is no exception to globalisation. In year 1991, when we were neck-deep in financial deficit, very high inflation (around 17%), balance of payments crisis and low industrial production, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) bailed us out with significant loans with assistant Structural readjustment Program (SAP). This guided in Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation.Indian Economy has undergone many important reforms in the 1990s. The LPG model has serveed the Indian economy to grow rapidly and become internationally competitive. From early 1991, a new epoch has cockcrowed for India and its huge population. This formidable phase of economic evolution has had a wonderful impact on the overall Indias economic development. All major sectors of the economy have improved dramatically and its effects over the last decade can hardly be ignored. Moreover, it has marked the dawn of the real integration of Indians economy into Worlds economy.Globalisation has created many employments bought large investments to India. Our economy has been on the rise at good rates for the past few days many new prospects have opened up for India. We have highly benefited from economies of scale. The change in global barriers h as permitted the companies to profit from the largest cheapest moil market, raw material and engine room. Foreign businesses have significantly augmented their investments in Indian industries. The salaries of industrial labor have improved largely therefore, the lock outs and strikes have declined sharply as labor is happy. Now days business market has no boundaries and companies can promote their products globally. This has helped the Indian companies to lay hand on global technologies which has certainly increased our qualities of living standards. Indian Entrepreneurs has been more aware about the competitors, recent trends and quality of products. The competition between the global companies can be seen in the improve qualities of the brands and services to the customer.Presently, we can talk about the story of two Indias We have the best of times we have the worst of times. There is bright prosperity, there is high poverty. We have sensational 5 star hotels with dark ill-st arred homes. Globalisation gave us everything, globalisation gave us nothing.Although Rajiv Gandhi government, the sixth prime minister of India, introduced some economic reforms between 1985 -1989 but it was the Narasimha Rao government, ninth prime minister of India from 1991-1996, that gave a exact shape and started the novel economic reforms in India.Below are the highlights of some extreme benefits of globalisation on Indian EconomyGross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate The rate of increase of Indias real GDP was low during 1980-90 (5.6%) to 1993-2001 (7%). But in the last few years, the GDP annual growth rate in India has been remarkable i.e. 7.5% (2003-2004), 8.5% (2004-2005), 9% (2005-2006) and 9.2% (2006-2007) (Ref Fig. 3). Present P.M. Dr. Manmohan Singh is certain to have a 10% increase in the GDP for 11th five year plan (2007 2012). In 2006-2007, the sectors contributing highest in GDP growth are Industry sector (26%), Service sector (55%) and Agriculture sector (19%) (Ref Fig. 4). The increase in GDP has in fact helped to increase the unusual exchange reserves from $39 billion (2000-01), $107 billion (2003-04), $one hundred forty-five billion (2005-06), $200 billion (2007-2008) to around $268 billion on 1st February 2011 (Source IMF).Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Since early 2003, Indias FDI promotion board is officially rill by government i.e. Ministries of Economic and Finance. Since then there has been forceful reforms in the rules and regulations of FDI in India. The FDI is now acknowledged as a key driver of development in the country. India is ranked 2nd in international FDI in year 2010 behind 1st ranked China and ahead of Brazil Russia and it will continue to be in the top 5 destinations to draw global investors during 2010-12 (Source World Investment Prospects Survey 2009-2012 by UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development)). India attracted cumulative FDI lawfulness inflows of $122.68 billion from mid 2000 to end 2010, fit to the data released by the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP). In October 2010, the FDI inflows were $1,392 million. The figure 5 on coterminous page shows the Indias top cities and sectors which attracted highest FDI inflows in Jan 2008 (Source DIPP India). The main attractive sectors have been information technology, telecom, services, healthcare and telecommunications. India controls almost 45% of the global outsourcing market with income more than $50 billion.Imports and Exports The planetary idea of the independence movement in India (year 1940s), led by great M. Gandhi, was based on the hatred for anything foreign, especially the one originating from Britain. The imported goods were burnt on regular basis and everyone believed that everything can be produced home. The belief was that we can be self reliant and self dependent and import of goods can bring the foreign dominance. In 2009, 7 decades later India ranked 15th in world in terms of impo rt volume and 22nd in the terms of export volume. In 2004 2005 our imports were $107 billion (Ref Table 1), a record increase of around 36% as compared to $79 billion in 2003 2004. The exports also jumped by 24% recording $79 billion as compared to $63 billion the previous fiscal. The oil imports increased by 19% and the import bill zoomed from $21 billion to $29 billion in two fiscal years. Other imports excluding oil were $77 billion in 2004 2005 that is 34% higher than $58 billion in 2003 2004.Other Benefits Information Technology (IT) and outsourcing has been given a special status in the growth of Indian economy. The reason may be that the government desires to present our country as a technological advanced nation and to achieve this they must encourage the IT sector. The term special status means that the sector and global / local investors will get many special advantages from the government. Furthermore, the impact of the global economies has influenced the Indian educa tion system over the last few years. Improved educational institutions, hi- tech colleges, advanced schools are the fruits of globalisation. The colleges have implemented the developed teaching technologies, to make the students aware of the latest developments. India is in the 4th position in approve to market capitalization with $894 billion after the US ($17,000 billion), Japan ($4800 billion) and China ($1000billion). India should soon cross the trillion $ mark.Even though we have not so far reached the end of history but globalisation has sure took us closer to the end of geography. The globalisation has not always been fair. The cash flow over the last two decades has been very unsymmetrical. Every $1 of aid money to poor countries, the rich countries get $10. It has deepened the poverty and inequality. It has affected both the social and semipolitical stability among and within states. Capital rights are given more advantages over the labor rights. The trade and finance rul e are unfair and this has had mixed effects on rich and poor countries. In India, the main casualties of globalisation are the poverty and the agriculture sector. Here are some costs which India paid because of globalisationAgriculture Sector Agriculture has always been the strength of the Indian economy. It plays crucial part not only in providing food to people, as well as the supply of raw material to industries and to export trade. 60% of the Indian population works in agriculture sector and however its contribution in GDP is only 20.6%. India agricultural growth continued to drop down from 13% in 2003 to 1% in 2002-2003 (Source agricoop.nic.in/Agristatistics). This set back in agriculture is in contrary to 6% expansion in Indian economy in last decade. The reasons of this decrease, according to Economic Survey 2006-07, are less investments, disproportions in fertiliser use, low seeds replacement rate, a distorted incentive system and low post-harvest value addition. Indian farm ers are offered almost no subsidiaries and very less help from government. The Indian government has taken no significant measures to negotiate with foreign companies to set up technologies for the farmers assistance. All these factors have led to decrease in the income of the farmers and have increased the rural debts. In 2000, the farmer suicides were registered to 12% of total suicides in the country.Poverty Though globalisation has drastically improved our living standards but pacify it doesnt have the significant effect in improving the poverty. According to 2007 Forbes list, the number of billionaires in India has risen to 40 and yet there is 80% of Indias population which lives on less than $2 a day. Nevertheless, Indian government is making lots of efforts to improve poverty in rural areas. They are trying to provide more facilities to the poorer. The 2005 World Bank estimation was that 41% of Indian population live below the international poverty line of $1.25 a day. So In dia government has still a long way to go to improve the poverty situation of India.Industry The globalisation has raised a high competition between the foreign companies and domestic companies. As the foreign products being better, the people prefer to buy them instead of Indian ones. This has reduced significantly the amount of profit of India companies. The new technology has reduced the requirement of labor and thus resulted in the cost of their jobs. No doubts that the effects have been positive as well as negative but the Indian government should make such economic policies related to industry that are beneficial and not harmful.Human trafficking and increase in diseases like human immunodeficiency virus are also the very high cost paid for globalisation. And the pity is that womens and childrens are among the most exposed to it.ConclusionsGlobalisation has provided India the opportunity to grow substantially. Though we have to be more careful on the whole as all the economies are linked together and crisis in one economy have drastic effect on others and recent events has confirmed that. But still globalisation has definitely helped India to become a better economy. We have the abilities and skills to adapt and change according to the flow of global market. In the end my keen hope for the betterment and the bright future of our country is to go out and face this globalising world. I am certain that India of 2025 will be a different place. It will be much more leading force in the world economy, than 25 years ago or even at the start of the 21st century.

Learning Styles In Classroom

Learning Styles In Classroom side of meat address is really considered as a signifi earth-closett language since it has been physical exercised for communicating worldwide. Therefore, training English is very common in many countries and language acquisition styles atomic number 18 used by students in globalization. Language tuition styles are the principal(prenominal) factors that help decide how the students learn a second or foreign language. A foreign language is a language studied in an environment where it is non the major vehicle for daily communication and where input in that language is associateified (Rebecca, 2003).In an name by Mulalic et al. (2009), students nurture styles halt been un noniced as an irrelevant module in the learning process. Apparently, once lecturers become aware that different students learn mixed styles, they try to accommodate those learning styles in the schoolroom. When looking into lecturers teaching method gives, it is possible t o look that the majority of the lecturers are not sensitive with their students learning styles. The problems occur when lecturers are not aware of the signification to create and explore learning styles.According to Felder (1996), how much students learn in the class is determined partially by the students ability and prior preparation, and the capability of their learning styles and the lecturers teaching styles. to a greater extent specialisedally, Godleski et al. (1984), the students tend to be bored and inattentive in class, do poorly on tests, get discouraged ab give away the course, and may refrain that they are not good at the subject of the course and give up.In a research by Izzo (1980), confirmed that the size of class is an grand physical factor which influences the choice of method, decreases the amount of individual attention that the teacher gives to each student. However, she argued that small classes are preferable for language learning and cor think signifi cantly with language achievement.In a research ascertain by Tan (2008), identify EFL learners main writing difficulties by analyzing the nature of their writing err unrivaledous beliefs. The prominent causes of the errors were ascribable to limitation of style size, low grammar understanding and obstruction from first language. In the finding of the call for, six appropriate informational strategies were suggested so that teachers can adopt a more effective approach to enhance students writing proficiency such(prenominal) as learning words, teaching of fundamental clock time structure, showing variation method, correcting error and class meeting, understanding of L1 interference, and writing incentive.Since English language has been introduced in Cambodia, EFL students learning styles suck adapted to the language acquisition. In the past students were likely to get experience through listening to the teachers while teachers lacked specific training about teaching methodol ogy.The learning style of Kampuchean students is typically memorization at the expense of naturalistic endeavor. Consequently, they would rather learn grammar and reading than on listening and mouth. Specifically, most Cambodian learners feel more comfortable and enjoyable with having things which are written on the whiteboard in order that they can write them down and study at home. Hopefully, they hope to get handouts of summaries or lecture outlines. On the new(prenominal) hand, some Cambodian learners give away that they face a apportion of pressures of how to adapt the new cultural environment and how to get on with their peers in class. Some feel lonely because the ways they behave or talk are so different. (Nguyen 2001)As for the case of EFL Cambodian classrooms, Keuk (2009), raise in his study that most teachers practical habitual teaching methods such as style translation from L2 to L1. Accordingly, students are taught to memorize chunks of English language with ma inly focused on grammar and vocabulary.1.2 Problem statementWithout recognizing proper learning styles, students look not to achieve better results in their academic per runance. Furthermore, students are less likely to improve their language acquisition very quickly, as they do not know the effective learning styles. In spite of the variety of academic courses which the university students take in English, and the tough efforts universities and lecturers apply to bring about students language skills, the students language performance, unfortunately, has been tedious. This could be recognized to the different learning styles and habits used by students in studying English, including preferring having things written on the whiteboard to listening to the lecturers explanation, nervousness of address in classroom, preferring grammar translation form first language to second language while learning English language and preferring working individual and personally to working in pigeo nholings. Pedagogically, most of the lecturers practice traditional teaching method, grammar translation method form first language to second language while teaching English language. The final noticeable problem is that largish classes pose some significant challenges in class room setting and reduced effectiveness of classroom management.1.3 Objectives of the studyThis study aims specifically to determine the learning styles which are used by Cambodian private university students in their learning of English as a foreign language in the classroom. More interestingly, this study intends to explore the reasons why Cambodian university students use different styles in their learning English as a foreign language.1.4 Research questionsThis research aims to examine the effective factors in learning English as a foreign language. The following research questions can be formulated for the study below.1. How do Cambodian university students describe their learning styles used in learni ng English as a Foreign Language?2. Why do the students use different styles in their learning English?1.5 Significance of the StudyAs a part of educational catchment, this study is significant for four reasons. First, exploring students learning styles in English in Cambodian higher education get out help improve students language acquisition. Second, the study pull up stakes shed readable on the effective learning styles of EFL fortunate Cambodian university students, which can be used as a model of learning English. Third, this research will help to contribute to the usefulness of appropriate vocabulary teaching and learning techniques in order to promote vocabulary acquisition, particularly in EFL Cambodian context. In addition, from a methodological perception, it is also hoped that the findings from this study will be useful for providing meaningful suggestions for overcoming the problems that may arise regarding the learning styles of students and how to accommodate vario us learners in EFL classroom.16 Definition of key termsIn an act to better understand this study, some key terms are defined as follows.EFL students learning styles mean techniques, sorts, actions, habits and steps employed by learners learning English as a Foreign Language to improve and develop their different language skills speaking, listening, reading, and writing. Moreover, the term learning style refers to the general approach preferred by the student when learning a subject, acquiring a language, or dealing with a difficult problem (Oxford 2001 Reid 1998)1.7 Proposed ChapterThis paper will be chronologically collected of five main chapters. Chpater1is the introduction, consisting of background of the study, investigator problem, research objective, research question, significance of the study, and definition of key inventions. Chapter 2, literature review, which discusses on the problems and solutions of the study. Chpater3, methodology, which consists of research desig n, participants, method, instruments, tools data collection, data analysis, social consideration, strengths and limitation of research. Chapter 4, discussion and findings of the study, analyzing the data collected from the interviews. Chapter 5, conclusion and recommendation, summarizing the problems and findings of the study and suggesting some strategies to help improve the weaknesses. Moreover, these five chapters are followed systematically by references and appendices.CHAPTER2REVIEW OF literary works2.1. Defining learning stylesIn a study by Aqel Mahmoud (2006), determining the learning styles of An-Najah National University students used in their learning of English as a foreign language. Consequently, the result of the findings suggested a variety of teaching English styles, including directing students to change their seats in classes, introduction of creative activities and the use of audio-visual aids, which suit learning styles used by students in their learning of En glish. Moreover, the researchers recommended the introduction of computer as a necessary course in subdivision of English and Teaching Methods Department which give its winnerful task in making students rely on themselves to develop their language proficiency. Also, the researcher proposes that a study should be conducted at other universities to discover the learning styles which are used by students in the learning of English and the relationship between these styles and students personality.In the article by Marin (2003), the focus of the probe was on the language learning styles appearing that students face language difficulties with great achievement but with little efforts. However, other students faced these difficulties with a little success and satisfaction. Also, this article proved that each learner had his/her good way of learning through his/her culture, educational background and personality.Heffernan (1999) as cited in Aqel (2006), determined that many studies on la nguage learning styles applied and gained differently base on motivation and outcome, level of language , years of learning language, teaching methods, difficult content, and students background and sex. He also added that happy language learners use various styles in learning language, and the teacher can help in increasing learning styles through teaching strategies that probably help weak students to choose the appropriate learning styles for dissimilar educational tasks.2.2 Learning styles in classroomThe classroom still remains a good and comfortable place for students in learning their language. Specifically, students learning styles have to be taken into account while teaching English. in a study by , (Haynes, 2001), the language learners use certain styles, especially in their mother tongue while learning their language, and these styles are transferred when they learn a foreign language. Similarly, some(prenominal) studies (Oxford 1993 OMalley and Chamot, 1990) showed tha t students of languages used various learning techniques such as memorization, repetition, and imitation, development of positive feeling to language and application of information.In a study by (Hayes, 1997 Strevens, 1978 Harmer, 1983), large English classes are often related to lack of control and concentration, disruption, classroom interaction, particularly lack in the ability to speak English fluently. Moreover, overcrowded class is one of the constraints on effective teaching and learning. Also, large classes reduce teachers attention, produces real physical discomfort and distraction that negatively affect learners attitudes towards their learning.Bloom (1976), creating opportunities for small class group work which helps each other and proves to be a useful way to motivate students and correct errors. He also believed that the size of the group is one of the main genes which influences in language learning.In dealing with the problems associated with large classes, Nnaji (1 991) proposes tutorial classes as a solution to help reduce the menace of large classes. She believes that tutorial classes should be used to curtail the shortcomings of large classes. According to her, tutorials are discussion sessions where the teacher and his students talk to each other and express their views on topics they did not fully understandThe learning style of Cambodian students is typically memorization at the expense of realistic purpose. Therefore, they would rather learn grammar and reading than on listening and speaking. Specifically, most Cambodian learners feel more comfortable with having things written on the whiteboard in order that they can copy them down and study at home. They hope to get handouts of summaries or lecture outlines. On the other hand, some Cambodian learners reveal that they face a lot of pressures of how to adapt the new cultural environment and how to get on with their peers in class. Some feel lonely because the ways they dress or talk are so different. (Nguyen 2001)However, a number of personality characteristics have been associated with successful language learning. These include being willing to take risks (Ruben 1979 as cited in Willis 2001), having self-confident (Heyde as cited in Freeman and Long 1991), and being interested (Ellis and Sinclair as cited in Willis 2001)2.3 Vocabulary learningIn learning a foreign language, vocabulary plays an important role. It is one element which is associated with the four skills, namely speaking, listening, reading and writing. In a research article by Mohd et al. (2009), investigated the evaluation learning vocabulary strategies of undergraduate EFL learners and its relation to the learners vocabulary size. There are five various categories of vocabulary learning strategies such as determination, memory, social, cognitive, and metacognitive. Consequently, the findings of this study led to some suggestions to improve students vocabulary learning, developed their vocabulary size, and enhanced their English learning.As for the case of EFL Cambodian classrooms, Keuk (2009), found in his study that most teachers practical habitual teaching methods such as vocabulary translation from L2 to L1. Accordingly, students are taught to memorize chunks of English language with mainly focused on grammar and vocabulary.Maghsodi et al. (2010), reading should be encouraged either inside or outside class because it is the most important tool which helps brook learners with the vocabulary acquisition. It is believed that the more learners are exposed to new words, they more they are likely to remember them.In a study by Minji (2008), explored which vocabulary instruction is more helpful for learning English vocabulary. Consequently, each instructional approach is required to examine, review, and integrate to determine the usefulness as a whole. In the light of the major findings of this study is that vocabulary instruction is effective overall for EFL learners even tho ugh there are some instructional approaches which are not related to effective learning. According to National Reading Panel (2000), helped determine the effective implications of vocabulary instruction for first language learners, including teaching vocabulary both outright and indirectly, repetition and multiple exposures to vocabulary items are important, restructuring vocabulary tasks, and entailing active engagement in learning tasks for vocabulary tasks.2.3 Grammar learningGrammar is viewed as an essential element for communication to take place because it shows how language is used. According to Larsen-Freeman (1997), the misunderstanding of the role of grammar is attributed to the fact that it is always viewed to be governed by fixed rules.As for the case of Mat et al. (2010), proving the various between the methodological expectations and the learners in contrast to the actual teaching methodology followed by their instructors. More significantly, this research article foc uses on the five aspects medium of instruction, grammar instruction, instructors as model, and the usefulness of drilling, mimicry and memorization, and the use of educational tools, pertaining to the foreign language methodology. In the light of the finding of the study, a serious discrepancy between students expectations and their classroom domain in terms of how grammar is instructed. Also, grammar rules should be explained and that grammar should not be taught explicitly.2.4 Reading stylesReading involves a variety of factors which may have an impact on learners reading ability. weaver (1988) defines reading as the process of constructing meaning through the energetic interaction among the readers existing knowledge, the information recommended by the written language, and the situation in reading context.In a study by (Miller Yochum, 1991 Donnell Wood, 1999), maintained that the reading difficulties students face may be related to inaccurate knowledge of the reading process, lack interest and motivation, fluency, concept density, organization, and difficult vocabulary.Comprehension or reading strategies show how readers conceive of a task, how they strain sense of what they read, and what they do when they do not understand. In short, such strategies are processes used by the learner to enhance reading comprehension and overcome comprehension failures (Singhal, 2001).In a second language study, Hosenfeld (1977) used a think-aloud bit to identify relations between certain types of reading strategies and successful or unsuccessful second language reading. The successful reader, for instance, kept the meaning of the passage in mind while reading and skipped less important words but the unsuccessful reader lost the meaning of the sentences when decoded and seldom skipped unimportant words.2.5 language stylesSpeaking is a key to communication. It is the productive skill in language learning, which places a great demand on students logical and critical thi nking. In the article by Widiati (2006), discussed problems in the teaching of EFL speaking, activities normally practiced, materials commonly used in EFL speaking classes, and assessment of oral English proficiency. Based on the finding, Indonesian learners frequently have not achieved a good level of ora1 English proficiency. For example, Mukminatien (1999) showed that students of English department have a lot of mistakes while speaking. The mistakes consist of pronunciation, grammatical accuracy, vocabulary, fluency, and interactive communication. Likewise, Ihsan (1999) found that students are likely to make errors, including the misuse of parts of speech, syntactical construction, lexical choice, and voice.Ihsan et al. (1999 as cited in Eyiyuliwati 1997), showed that students had difficulties in employ grammar and in applying new vocabulary items in speaking class.When the ability to speak English is a very difficult task regarding to the nature of what is included in speaking . Not all of the students in an EFL speaking class have the bravery to speak. Many of the students feel nervous in a speaking class and some are likely to keep silent. In the research by Padmadewi (1998) proved that students attending a speaking class often felt anxious because of demands from the speaking tasks requiring them to do presentation individually and ad lib within limitation of time. While Tutyandari (2005), stated that students keep quiet due to the lack of self-reliance, prior, knowledge about topics, and poor relationship between teacher and learner. In order to deal with students limited knowledge, she recommended speaking teachers make active the students prior knowledge by asking questions relating to topics under debate. Also, she suggested that students self-esteem can be amend and their nervousness reduced by asking them to work in small groups.To achieve a higher quality of the teaching of EFL speaking and to improve the speaking skill of Indonesian EFL learn ers, Mukminatien (1999), suggested teachers give their learners more adequate input for acquisition in the classroom and push them to use English either in or outside the classroom. More specifically, Citraniugtyas (2005) stated that a silent speaking class can be made more active by assigning tasks which develop students critical thinking skills.Purjayanti (2003) found presentation to be helpful to encourage students to communicate ideas in their fields of study. She added that through presentation and its preparation students were able not only to practice speaking, but also to search for materials and deliver them in a planned way.Small group discussion is an additional activity that can be conducted in EFL speaking classroom. Its aim is to facilitate learners to be participated actively in a discussion concerning with students limited number. In a study of Murdibjono (2001) exhibit that discussing in small groups is an effective activity so that students have more time to pract ice speaking with their classmates.2.6 Listening stylesListening is a critical element in the competent language performance of EFL university students. Therefore, listening comprehension is an important sill, as well as prerequi office for oral proficiency. In the study of Goh (1997), difficulties to listening compression can be divided into person knowledge and task knowledge. The obstacles of person knowledge are the limitation of vocabulary, idiomatic expression, kinds of input with new structure, prodigal speech. While the task knowledge related to new vocabulary, various local accents, speech rate, the interest and purpose of listening, existing knowledge and experience, physical factors, and the length of sentence structure. However, he suggested two strategies for helping learners become better listener. The first is direct strategy it aims at increasing perceptions. Learners L2 can improve the listening by practicing perceptions sound, content, pronunciation of new words, words, and intonation features. The second is the indirect strategy its aim is to improve knowledge about speakers, tasks, and strategyAccording Hann (2000), the use of ineffective learning strategies of learners may affect their listening comprehension and learners experience. Various kinds of listening comprehension may cause some problems due to the inadequacy of the message from factors relating to the speakers speech, and to the learner proficiency in listening comprehension. Furthermore, it was found that EFL learners are poorly equipped with effective listening strategies, skills, activities.To help better improve the listening comprehension, in a study by Wen-sheng (2007), conducted in China, listening is very crucial input, but many of the students in Chaozhou Normal College, Hanshan Normal University, and Chaozhou Guangdong were upset with listening. In the finding of the study, there were a lot of significant listening techniques which were neglected by teachers. However, a researcher suggests that more listening strategies should be taught in classes and teaching plan is given.2.7 Writing stylesIn the article by Hafida (2010), conducted in Tlemsen, Algeria, analyze both the university requirements for the English academic degree in Algeria, and students needs so as to improve a pedagogical modeling that would respond both exigencies. In the light of finding of the study, the researcher recommended the implementation of a strategy such as based writing curriculum for EFL university students that would develop their strategic competence and consolidate their linguistic knowledge.Since the Chinese students poor communicative ability in oral and written English, there is a concern in English teaching and learning in China. In the article by Yan (2006) explored a successful method so as to develop students speaking ability. As a result of the finding, Scenario-based Learning, two reflective models are introduced to improve the oral and writing in Engli sh. Scenario-Based Learning (SBL) is a structured method for figuring out some issues impacting the lives of specific individuals or groups of individuals. Also, It confronts students with an important context based on real life situation which requires them to take part in an imagined series of events.In the study by Osman (2010), investigates the difficulties faced by beginner academic writers and proposes recommendations to help these writers to be better cooperative writers. In the finding of the study, beginner writers have difficulties during their collaborative writing, including inability to work with their partners, poor language proficiency, poor research skills, having limited time to discuss, lacking ideas, facing stress during collaborative writing, therefore, it is suggested that the university and the lecturers should provide them with the opportunities of (1) providing intensive reading program (2)teaching interpersonal skills (3) teaching time management (4) prov iding pre-collaborative writing sessions (5) providing pre-collaborative writing sessions (6) and providing teacher/ peer assistanceAccording to Bereiter and Scardamalia (1987) as cited in Rouiller (2005), writing mostly suffers from lack of interaction that stimulates oral production in conversation. However, to ensure successful learning, Lam Wong (2000) as cited in Lourdunathan Menon (2005), believe that learners should demonstrate appropriate cooperative behavior and peer support. It is necessary because some students have difficulties in organizing their ideas and are weak in English language as well. This can hinder them from participating in their collaborative work.CHAPTER 3METHODOLOGY3.1Research designSince the intent of this study significantly focuses on a private university in Cambodia, the researcher will employ a case study exploring the learning styles of EFL Cambodian university students. As a qualitative research approach is used, the case study will be employed in this study to explore the learning styles of EFL Cambodian university students. The case study method tends to systematically investigate an event or a set of related events with the specific aims of describing and explaining this phenomenon. (Berg, 2009)3.2 ParticipantsThis is a case study which explores the learning styles of Cambodian university students. The participants of this study will be selected from one private university in Phnom Penh. The sample will consist of 6 students, who are studying English Literature in that university. Also, the researcher will choose both female and male students. Before conducting interviews, the researcher will make an appointment and notify the reasons of visit to the Rector of University.3.3 InstrumentWith the purpose of getting trustworthy information, unstructured interview, informal conversation and participant observation will be used in order to obtain reliable data. Interviews will be immortalize-recorded and open-ended questions (see below appendix for details). In addition to the above interviews, class observation will be useful tool to obtain data. The observation checklist will basically focus on students learning styles both in classroom and outside classroom.3.4 Data CollectionSince the qualitative data collection procedure requires the research to immerse completely in the nature setting, the researcher will behave out unstructured interview after observation and taking notes. The interviews will consist of open-ended questions and tape-recording (see Appendix below) for the details. Prior to carrying out the interviews, the researcher will ask permission from university rector and students. The researcher expects each interview will take around 50 minutes and occur in the university or outside the university. The options for selecting site for interview will be provided for the participants because it helps reduce the participants difficulties. Moreover, the study objective will be verbally inform ed to participants before conducting interviews. With permission from participants, the researcher will use tape-recording to record the whole interviews. The researcher might ask different participants to answer the questions based on their preference. The researcher will personally observe English students using participant observation techniques. The observation will basically focus on students learning styles in classroom. The students will be asked to provide their responses about the learning styles of EFL Cambodian university students based on their ideas. The observational protocol will include the descriptive activities in the setting and reflective ideas from the researcher. Besides these observations, informal conversation will be made with participants in order to obtain deeply their perceptions about language learning styles. The researcher may take a few brief notes in the field setting but take notes of teaching techniques and behaviors after observation.3.5 Data Anal ysisThe researcher will organize and prepare the data for analysis as soon as the data has been collected from the participants. Then the researcher will spend lots of time reading all data and listening to tape recording in order to delete the irrelevant information. Next, the researcher will code the text to categorize the data. Moreover, relationship of data will be identified to interpret the meaning of data collected. Finally, in order to ensure the reliability and validity of data, the researcher will try to reread the data and ask researcher team to check the information. Moreover, matrixes and graphs will be specifically presented. Therefore, they will visualize the difficulties of Cambodian EFL students learning styles3.6 Ethical ConsiderationTo successfully conduct this study, the researcher will take into consideration about some safeguards. First, the consent form will be given to the participants to sign if they really agree to join in the study. Second, the purpose of this study will be clearly informed to participants in order to build mutual understanding and rapport. Third, the researcher will profoundly tell the participants that their mesh will be voluntary and stopping from interviews will be the participants choice. Finally, the researcher will keep data collected in secret place which no one besides researcher will have access to get it. Furthermore, I will bring together the names of participants but keep them confidential. own(prenominal) identifiers will be released to the public in a way that protects the identification of participants.3.7 Limitation of ResearchThis study is guided with the following limitations, which affect the generality of the finding. First, the study only focuses on university English students in Department of English. Second, the study may be limited in its analysis or generality as it will be conducted in one Cambodian private university, in which 6students will be selected. Third, since this study will main ly explore only important learning styles, some points might be ignored. However, the purpose of this study is not to provide the broad generalization but to explore the learning styles of Cambodian university students in a private university in Phnom Penh. Therefore, the above-mentioned compounding circumstances might limit understanding and evaluation however, these are generally overwhelmed and controlled by the research design.

Relationship Between Multiculturalism and Liberalism

Relationship Between Multiculturalism and LiberalismIn the context of political thought, it would be so hard to teleph oneness of multiculturalism separate from laxism. Beyond the scope of political theory, the internal and external dynamics of the countries, the kindred between maintain and the society put one over been strengthened on the values of democracy and liberalism. This essay aims to explore and explain the relationship between multiculturalism and liberalism especially liberal egalitarianism within the frame of nonage rights.Multiculturalism started to manifest itself in the political realm after 1980s. There ar two main events that triggered the rise of multiculturalism Firstly, after the fall of communism in easterly Europe, nationalism has be dumbfound the prominent element of the democratization process. Secondly, a new wave of nationalism has risen among some conferences in Western democratic countries. It has been find that even the Western lands that bu ilt on liberal values could not completely overcome the problems regarding ethnic and religious groups in their societies. Now, we live in to a greater extent and more diversified and multicultural societies. Immigration and minorities read been an imminent part of the debates of ein truthday politics for a very long time. The politicians include their views and policies in their electoral campaigns, surveys argon held to get more information roughly public whimsey and more valuablely political theorist atomic number 18 looking for new slipway and military positions as coping or integration strategies. For instance, the uncertainty of the illiberal minorities and the risk of them to violate the liberal principles was always in that location as a problematic and problematical one. Thus, this case brings us two important questions to discuss To what extent should we protect the minority rights and how should we recognize the minority identities?For many, it is an undoubtedly accepted accompaniment that liberal pass on should be neutral but what should be the attitude of this neutral plead when it comes to the clash between the values of majority and minority?If we ever need to tax return one thing for granted in liberal state, it would be the strong idea that each individual should have the necessary rights and opportunities to follow the ways which guide on them to a good deportment. Moreover, individuals should be free while deciding on their feature appreciation of good life and should pursue their goals freely. Therefore, this principle requires that individuals who ar climax from different backgrounds from the majority and having different religious and cultural custom and values should also pursue their understanding of good life without giving up their own. some other important aspect of liberal ideology concerning individual rights is that no state or government has the right to conceptualize a project of good life and impose it upon its citizens. (Kukathas, 1992 p. 108) Thus, in my opinion any attempts stepping out of this line could be easily labelled as assimilative regarding religious and cultural minorities.At this point, it would be notable to remind that, in the liberal state, an individuals realm of freedom ends when another individuals begins. This is accepted as another important principle of liberal state regarding individual freedom which is also seen as a guarantee of the individual freedom of each member in the society. In this case, the rights that groups have been entitled could go as far as that they would threat or violate the human rights and values. What should be the attitude of the liberal state intimately an intervention? Do individuals choose to be a part of these groups and communities?The Proper Attitude of the Liberal Egalitarian towards MulticulturalismLiberal egalitarians favour a system in which state treats its citizens equally and make outs such an environment that each member o f the society gets a fair sh atomic number 18 from the resources and available opportunities. Although, this might seem as a clear principle at first sight, two conclusions shtup be driven from this principle. First, the state should not deputize with the distribution of resources or try to rest period the gap its citizens and second, liberal egalitarian attitude requires that each religious and cultural community should have equal chance to survive and continue to practise their customs in the society. In contemporary modern democratic states such as UK, France, USA and Canada we see that states sp ar necessary social, political and financial resources for the survival of the fittest and tenaciousness of different religious communities and minority nuances. The reason for that is culture is considered as an important aspect in shaping ones own identity and his/ her own interpretation of good life.The second point of view acknowledges that the state should be neutral and acts w ithin the frame of laissez faire liberalism. Otherwise, the state can create inequalities among its citizens by implementing redistributive policies or entitling minority groups with special rights. Thus, the state should take the stripped-down part in the affairs of different cultural and religious groups and by nothing or minimum it allows citizens to be treated equally. (Patten, 1992, p.1-3)Kymlicka and Multiculturalism DebateKymlicka locates his whole ideas on liberal theory and he is an important successor of liberal tradition. Thus, he places individual autonomy previous to the community and common values. As a political philosophy, liberalism has often been seen as primarily concerned with the relationship between the individual and the state, and with limiting state intrusions on the liberties of citizens (Kymlicka,Liberalism, p. 1).For some scholars, this component of liberalism is seen as a strong one about multiculturalist affairs. In my opinion, this can be easily seen as one of the weaknesses of liberalism when it comes to the deal with the problems regarding minorities and minority rights. If we are stuck with the idea that liberal ideology is the only roof under which both majority and minority values can be represented and peoples can live happily together. In one of his essays, Two Models of Pluralism and Tolerance, Kymlicka also argues against Rawlss ideas about individual rights and defends the capabilities of group rights.Whereas Kymlicka believes that a well- surgical procedure model can be built on the idea of group rights, some scholars like Kukathas argue that there is no necessity for abandoning the liberal ideologys individualist principles and create new inequalities. (Kukathas, 1992 p.4) Thus, this part will be focused on this second form of tolerance which is named as group rights by Kymlicka. (Kymlicka, 1992 p.1)Kymlickas theory is also resplendently known for his distinction between different types of minorities ground on th eir cultural aspects. According to him, there are societal cultures of national minorities and the cultures of poly ethnic societies. National minorities are the ones who continuously claim for their self-governmental rights. It is hard for them to get satisfied just by being entitled to some special rights. For them, self-government is the only option for their survival in multicultural society which is composed of a majority and different minority groups. Kymlicka argues that poly ethnic groups would always be weaker and less demanding in their right claims because of the fact that they are immigrant communities. Their right claims would be about practicing their cultural and religious customs. These communities should always bear in mind that they come from another country and culture to be hosted in a new one and they also have some duties such as learning a new language or integrating with the local community.In his book, Politics in the Vernacular, Kymlicka frequently uses the term societal culture and states that societal culture should be considered as a fundamental creation for the modern state. It is a concept consisted of both private and public spheres of life which is composed of a common language which has historical roots on a given territory, common educational, political, legal institutions. Moreover, societal culture is mostly the result of a national building process and it includes linguistic standardization and institutional integration. (Kymlicka, 2000 p. 53) Thus, he goes one step further from the idea that culture is an important aspect of self- respect and self-recognition which paves the way for self- realization i.e. a good life. He adds institutionalization and certain functioning administrative mechanisms to the shared history and values. National minorities mostly have certain tragic events, massacres or genocides in their history and they always feel or example the threat of assimilation or discrimination in the nation building process. This is why Kymlicka makes certain distinctions between immigrant groups and national minorities. National minorities face with the results of the events that they did not have no say in the decision making process in the most undesirable ways whereas immigrants mostly (here he seems to forget that some immigrants are forced to leave their countries because of wars or other terrific events) leave their country,in which they could practice their culture in the ways they want, voluntarily for the sake of better economic opportunities.What Kymlicka understands from citizenship based on group differentiated rights is that ensuring the justice between members of different groups. Thus, the idea behing establishing group rights are not only about the idea of that communal rights are prior to individual ones but also about the need for establishing different rights for different groups according to their needs and vulnarabilities in the society. ( Luoboyck, p.9)Tolerance vs. Reco gnitionI think in the most of the relevant lit, scholars did not pay luxuriant attention to the distinction between tolerance, acceptance and recognition. Specifically, for the followers of the liberal tradition, the emphasis has always been on the rights, equality, equal rights, equal opportunities, equal treatment and so on without even asking the people that is that what you really want? It is observed that these different people are not only in the need to be differentiated but also recognized as who they are. The special rights that they are entitled to by liberal democratic state do not always give them to chance of being recognized or accepted in the eyes of the members of the society or even before law. This is why the ideas of Taylor is really important in the multiculturalism debate. ( Taylor, 1994 p.25)In the history of politics, there has been an important shift from honor to dignity which has also come with the emphasis on the equalization of rights and identities. The age of the more privileged citizens has come to an end, at least in the eyes of the state and before law. It would be very optimistic to claim that all inequalities have been disappeared in this way. As Taylor argues, for many people this equalization only brought an equality for civil rights and voting rights. There are also others who claim that it also has affected the socioeconomic aspects of life but I would not agree with them. It requires more than changing votes to shape public opinion and regulate everyday life which contains many social and economic inequalities like equal pay or integrated settlement policies. Although, there are nonoperational many problems to overcome, equal citizenship has been accepted as an universal value.Thus, in the new age of politics of difference, liberal egalitarians should be ready to reconsider the classical understanding of the principles of liberal democratic state in fix to give more than they used to. They should be ready to present a lot of rights and immunities in order to recognize and accept the differences and try not to create a melting pot.Some still might argue that individual rights come before communal or group rights but the implications of this idea is mostly seen in Anglo- American world. (Taylor, 1994 p.32) I think this is one of the major reasons for why in Anglo- American world, there is always an on-going effort for creating a common identity, one nation, one language for all on the one hand, and promoting the self and the individualism on the other. In my opinion, from the perspective of Taylor, they can easily be accused of implementing assimilation strategies in the name of creating a melt pot. This would be a dangerous trap that the liberal state should carefully avoid. The equal use of resources, equal rights and treatment and states hands off laissez faire policies may lead to the danger of extinction for some cultures and identities.In todays political realm, the functioning of state mech anisms prove that the state cannot isolate itself from the decision making process of cultural affair. As Kymlicka and Taylor also mentions, the state still has the power of making decisions about official language, some religious ceremonies, official languages that are used in education, public radio and television broadcasting. Thus, the state still remains as a powerful figure to decide which cultures and religions continue to exist in the society. Thus, the liberal state should be ready to intervene when and where there is a necessity.When it comes to the features of these special rights for minorities, Lubbock indicates some principles. First, he states that all the members of the community in question have to accept the culture as it is acknowledged and there must always be an open door for anyone wants to exit in necessary cases. Moreover, a liberal democratic government can never claim an attitude which tolerates illiberal actions of minority cultures or their customs. The basic principles of human rights are always prior to other policies and special rights. Second, liberal democratic governments have the province to keep the religious and special cultural practices of minorities at a minimum acceptable level which would be sufficient enough. If a minority group is able to practice their customs at a sufficient level, than there would be no part to take for government. Otherwise, government should intervene and try to create a balanced situation in order to make sure that the minority people in question are able to practice their culture and religion. Thus, while polyethnic groups are being protected by some special rights within the boundaries of existing laws and regulations, this should not allow these groups to have internal restrictions. The intention git establishing polyethnic rights is to protect these groups from external suppressions and the danger of extinction or assimilation. Thus, it would not be so rightful to allow polyethnic groups to have the right to make regulations and restriction on its members individual rights and freedoms.( Loobuyck, p.8-9)New ChallengesKymlicka believes in the supremacy of societal cultures over immigrant groups and more importantly lesbian and gay community. It appears to me that Kymlicka andh his contemporaries do not give enough importance to LGBT community as a minority group which has serious right claims. In many books of Kymlicka, there is nearly no words about LGBT people and recently he tackled the issue with respect to the Qubcois gays and lesbians and his use of language gives the impression of he is not quite familiar with the gender studies literature he does not even use the term LGBT. Gay separatism would involve cutting oneself off from the culture one was raised in, and relinquishing ones sense of national identity and cultural membership. Thus gay nationalism is neither feasible nor desirable for most gays. The task, therefore must be fight homophobia within the l arger society, to gain recognition and acceptance for gays and lesbians within its schools, media, courts, businesses and so on ( Kymlicka, 1992 p. 90- 95)Although, Kymlicka continues to produce valuable ideas and theories, it should be accepted that there are some challenges that he could not foresee. The liberal democratic state would also be challenged by the problems or right claims that come from contemporary political movements and groups which do not have to be ethnicity based. Now there are the questions of the right claims of non-ethnic groups particularly LGBT community, forced migration, refugees and new generations of immigrant communities who did not choose to migrate but their parents do a decision to migrate like the Turkish people in Germany. In these situations, it becomes harder to talk about a matter of choice. In these cases, is it still realistic to claim that societal culture and the minority groups that are based on societal culture are more valuable than th e others? This could be one question that the liberal state had to answer.These ideas blur the line between integration and assimilation. It should be considered that the members of these groups are also political subjects that can influence the legislations through their political power. Thus, the spark advance elements of liberal state should consider the option of recognition rather than mere inclusion and integration with the majority.ConclusionThis paper has opened the debate with the strong relationship between liberalism and multiculturalism to elaborate the question of How far should liberal egalitarians be prepared to countenance the special rights claims of minority cultures?.References

Comparing Male Dominance in Pride and Prejudice, Mansfield Park, and Em

Support of Male Dominance in Jane Austens presumption and Prejudice, Mansfield Park, and Emma charm there is no shortage of male opinions concerning the role of females, which usually approve of male dominance, there is a lack of women expressing views on their forced subservience to men. This late(prenominal) subordination is the very reason there were so few females who plainly spoke out against their position, and the search for females expressing the desire for independence necessarily extends to the few historic works by women that do exist. Jane Austen is a well-known female author, and it is natural that her novels would be studied in an attempt to find a covert womens rightist voice. However, though certain feminist elements may exist, one common theme found throughout the novels Pride and Prejudice, Mansfield Park, and Emma, makes it impossible to label these works as completely supporting feminism. The idea that women should not be allowed to have power, should be con trolled by men, and that males should use their power to the fullest extent is inescapable. This idea is raised repeatedly throughout these novels. sensation aspect of this theme expresses the belief that women should not have power since it causes women to corrupt themselves and harm those around them. In Pride and Prejudice, Mrs. Bennet and Lady Catherine are flush examples of why women should not be allowed to have control. Though she is not the head of the household, Mrs. Bennet does have control because her husband would rather watch than participate in the family. This is shown when Mrs. Bennet was embarrassing the family by her transparent attempt to give Jane and Mr. Bingley more time together after every one else had left the ball, and Mr. Bennet did not try to c... ...rests of women are served by being controlled and encouraging the full use of male authority. Though this idea is supported by the characters of her imagination and has no primer coat in reality, it does further advocate the patriarchal power system. Whether Jane Austen was conscience of this theme is unknown, but even if she did not intend for it to occur, it is no less real. Works CitedAusten, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. Norton Critical 3rd edition, ed. Donald Gray New York and capital of the United Kingdom Norton, 2001.Austen, Jane. Emma. Norton Critical 3rd edition, ed. Donald Gray New York and London Norton, 2001.Austen, Jane. Mansfield Park. Norton Critical 3rd edition, ed. Donald Gray New York and London Norton, 2001.Trilling, Lionel. Mansfield Park. Jane Austen A Collection of Critical Essays. Ian Watt, ed. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey Prentice Hall, 1963.

Aldous Huxley :: essays research papers

When Aldous Huxley wrote Brave New World in 1931, nobody imagined that his fairytale story would someday be a reality. It is almost scary to see how accurate Huxleys far-fetched fantasies came to be. When Huxley wrote about the conformity, drug use and sex and technology of the society, he was almost pinpoint detailed to predicting todays societies. Unfortunately, all of these things havent exactly changed our society today for the better. It is amazing to see how accurately Aldous Huxley was in his predictions to human conformity today. The freshs classes of Alphas, Betas, Gammas, Deltas and Epsilons each have assigned roles. In the impertinent, each caste is brainwashed into believing that it is crucial and important for the well being of the society as a whole. Since everyone is brainwashed at such an early age, nobody really questions the order or rules. However, there are always those few who refuse to conform. The novels John, Helmholtz Watson, and Bernard Marx were all exi led from their society by the World Controller Mustapha Mond. Their actions involving the soma in the hospital were considered far too disruptive to society and they were no long-run allowed to co- know in the preset world of Ford. Our own world is very similar to the world of Ford as we exile all who are different. One workout of a group whom our societys majority refuses to accept is the gay population. They could, of course, chose to go against their ways and date the opposite sex just so that they would be accepted, but because they do not, most people refuse to accept that and therefore exile them. The conformity struggle starts as young as elementary school. Popularity is ground upon those who conform the best and follow everyone else and unfortunately, those who are different and stand out are usually harassed for their differences. Drugs are one of the most copious problems that exist today, as we are beginning to see more and more of them in todays society. Drugs have ev en become commonly use by todays youth starting as low as elementary school. The need to feel that high has become more and more common. Unfortunately, the drugs used in todays society arent as safe as those used in Huxleys world. Soma is the drug of choice in Huxleys world which gave similar highs as does ecstasy, but did not have the harmful side effects.

Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry :: Roll of Thunder Hear My Cry Essays

Roll of Thunder, realise My Cry   In Mildred Taylors enthralling novel, Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry, the Logan family serves as an excellent model of family values and self worth. In the face of racial and economic adversities, Mama and Papa Logan provide their children with the important lessons they need to be successful in life. First, the Logan children Stacey, Cassie, Little Man, and Christopher-John, learn to be persistent and determined. Next, the children acquire the knowledge of caring for each other. Last, they become able to stand up for what they debate in. An example when the Logans teach their children strong work ethnic occurs when Papa explains the importance of owning their land. Cassie considers her fathers words as she thinks   For it he would work a long, hot pass pounding steel Mama would teach and run the farm Big Ma, in her sixties, would work like a woman of twenty in the palm and keep the house and the boys and I would wear threadb ar clothing washed to dishwasher color but always, the taxes and mortgage would be paid.(4)   Papas explanation to the family ab extinct working hard makes Cassie think about the sacrifices the family will have to make to keep the land. These sacrifices might be hard to make but it will be necessary to keep the land and pay taxes. Another quality is that the Logans care for each other when Stacey stands up for Little Man when Miss Crocker hands out old, dirty, and torn books. Cassie exclaims, Yesm, he been reading since he was four. He cant read all them big words, but he can read the columns. See whats in the last row. Please look, Miz Crocker. (18) Cassies courage to stand up for her little brother is phenomenal. She does so even though she knows she might get whipped. Her bravery shows that she supports the fact that blacks are treated inferior to whites. Miss Crocker at first refuses to look and then she say, well thats what you are. Miss Crocker is in a stat e of denial in act to convince herself that there is no problem with the school. Last, the Logans instruct their kids to stand up for what they believe in.

Women and Debt Essay -- essays research papers

The dreaded D word debt. All of us have it at some fourth dimension or another, and we would all same(p) to get rid of it. Recent studies have shown, it is more common for women to be in debt. There are many reasons why this is so. When you look into a womens closet you do not just ingest your everyday jeans and shirts like you would in a mans. You would be lucky if you see a few suits, ties and a tuxedo from the senior prom, but it is entirely different for a woman. A womans closet looks more like a department store. You have dress shirts, casual shirts, baby tees, tank tops, camisoles, dress pants, work pants, "fat" jeans, "skinny" jeans from the10th grade, casual jeans, dress jeans, not including the jeans you bought to go with the sexy red top that doesnt match with anything but the red top. If you are lucky to have a walk-in closet you might have a section for shoes, belts and purses, that is, if youre luckyThe reason this happens is because when women go sho pping they dont just go to purchase a shirt or a pair of jeans no, the intentions whitethorn be good but it never works out that way. Every time a women picks up a shirt the first thing she thinks is, this is crafty then we have this little vision, of seeing our cute little self, in this new shirt with a nice dark pair of jeans, and fabulous bug pumps, and thats when the trouble begins. Most of us women already do have darks jeans and pink pumps, but they are old and faded or we were seen in them devil times a...