Quality Assurance Review Essay

According to Merriam Webster (2014), â€Å"Provision is: the act or process of supplying or providing something.† Every company provides a provision or has a mission statement that their company stand by, which shows what services that company, will commit to delivering to their clients. We as professionals and them as businesses have an obligation to deliver direct services effectively to help clients adapt socially and effectively in society. It is the companies’ responsibility to provide clients with the services that sustain a good work or living environment. Companies are dedicated to providing direct support services that will enhance a client’s quality of life, and that is designed to meet the needs of their client. Moreover, it is important that staff build their time to participate in activities with the clients that they are servicing. It is also the responsibility of the company, to make sure their staff is educated and trained in their area of concentration to assist their client. It is important to develop relationships with clients that will allow them to engage in everyday life activities. It is provided that any person that is working with clients to engage in activities with their client. Clients have IEP (Individual Education Plan) programs that should be followed to assure the client is receiving the proper education that is based on their need. It is up to the worker to provide clients with a structured setting which will allow them to see if the client is learning according to their plan or their day. In every event, every aspect is about providing proper service to the client. Furthermore, it’s about creating independence in that client by setting academic and functional goals that are attainable and reachable from a realistic aspect for that client. A professional’s purpose is not to please coworkers but, their purpose is to be an advocate for their client. In the case scenario of the staff member providing services appropriately to  clients, certain information is required in the process of gathering and covering the basic components of quality assurance, which are proper provision of service, client satisfaction with the service and proper documentation. With reasoning, questions have been formulated to help monitor and prevent future fraud and misappropriation of services as it pertains within these guidelines. From the information gathered from the staff at the school, the client, and all that is involved with working with this particular client, the question is, since the goal for the staff member was to develop and maintain a client-centered service and to provide quality service and ensure the client’s satisfaction, should that particular client have had services from our agency because of a communicable disease in which he/she was recently treated for according to the teacher at the school? According to the teacher employed at the school, where the staff member was working with the client stated that this particular staff member was frequently late, was this tardiness professionally and legally documented? As reported by the teacher at the school where the staff member was working with the client, the teacher reports (if legally documented) that the staff member did not engage in their professional interventions towards a certain client about their behavior on a particular day. Were there any witnesses to this behavior and did the staff not intervene in stopping a certain behavior from this client? The reasoning behind these questions is as follows: Although the teacher at the school at which my agencies staff member was working with a particular client, it was not reported or stated about any legal documentation on this worker’s tardiness at this school. Also was there a specific reason for which my staff member did not tailor in her interventions towards a particular client due to their behavior that was reported to me, the director of the agency. It is believed that gathering the correct and adequate information from all parties involved when working with clients especially in the health care profession, helps those involved have a better understanding what kind of frame of mind the particular staff member, the client involved and even the teacher working with both parties, it is important to obtain such information so that there is no misinterpretation in communication, documenting all actions involved, or just documenting the day’s activities so that the agency and the school can  see if the client shows any improvement with working with a particular staff member. This also helps prevent any legal action involving all parties regarding he said/she said, or future fraud towards a certain agency. As it pertains to the accusation that the staff member is not open to feedback, how was the staff member approached about this feedback? Was this communicated in a professional manner? How exactly did the staff member respond to feedback given? Lastly, did the staff member give reasoning for not accepting feedback about services rendered? This line of questioning is important because it approaches the first accusation from all angles. These questions are trying to determine whether or not the staff member is blatantly refusing to accept feedback or if they are accepting feedback and just not implementing it. It is also important to not how the feedback was approached. If the feedback was delivered in a negative or accusatory way it may not have been implemented because the staff member may have a strict treatment plan and be avoiding confrontation with the teacher by just not accepting feedback. This is why it is important to understand the staff member’s reasoning behind not accepting feedback. It determines whether or not this staff member is providing the client with the proper services and that the staff understands what these services are so that there are no misunderstandings. As it pertains to the accusation that the staff member does not tailor their interventions to the client according to his behavior on a specific day, please name one example where the staff member did not tailor their interventions to fit the client’s needs? How was the staff member approached about this incident? Did the staff member give reasoning for continued their planned treatment? Was this incident documented and if so how was it documented? Were the client’s needs met? Was the client unsatisfied with their services provided? This line of questioning is important because it makes sure that the client is receiving the proper services that they need. The staff member’s treatment plan should always be centered on what is best for the client; not what is easier for the staff member. It is also important that a staff member with a strict treatment plan not stray from their original treatment plan if it affects the overall effectiveness of the treatment. This is why it is important to understand the staff member’s reasoning behind not altering their original treatment plan so as to make sure that this decision is not affecting the way that the  client is treated and or receives their services. Another important part of this line of questioning is that if the client’s needs were not met, how was this documented? Having proof that the client’s needs were not met is important in accessing the staff member’s overall effectiveness in their treatment plan. Lastly, it is important to note whether or not the client was satisfied with the services they received so that the staff member can be clearer in the future about the services they provide as to not having any misunderstandings. As it pertains to the accusation that the staff member is frequently late, has this tardiness been properly documented? If not, are there eyewitnesses that can attest to this accusation? Was the staff member approached about this accused tardiness? If so, by who and what where the repercussions of this action? Also, was this action documented and if so how was it documented? This line of questioning is important because it grants validity or not to the accusation that the staff member is constantly tardy. For there to be action taken against this staff member there need to be legal documented proof that this staff member is constantly tardy. If not there is not much that can be done legally about this accusation unless there is some documentation stating that this individual has been reprimanded about this behavior. As it pertains to the accusation that the staff member has created conflict between them and the teacher, how was this situation handled between the two staff members? How did the school handle this situation? Where all have actions are taken to prevent any further conflict member between the two before filing this complaint? Where these actions documented and if so how where they documented? This line of questioning is important because it relates to the validity of the complaint in general. This relates to whether or not this staff member is even in need of review or whether the school just doesn’t want to deal with feuding individuals. It is important that this type of situation be documented every step of the way or it just becomes he said she said battle. It is important to understand how the school handled this situation so that if there are any misunderstandings about the service rendered at the school by the staff member that these issues be resolved so that the main focus is on the clients. In special cases such as with disclosure of pertinent information in regard to communicable diseases, this breach of security poses a huge impact as it pertains to patient confidentiality and services provided.  Although the sharing of information with other healthcare professionals is important in providing effective patient care, if a breach of confidentiality as occurred and shared amongst other unaware of the contents of the patients history, this disclosure witho ut consent can pose a risk based on standard infection control procedures, as well as exposure-prone risks undertaken in primary care. In such circumstances, in order to repair the relationship once a breach of confidentiality has been made, the director must adequately acknowledge and apologize for the mishap. Ensure that the client understands that this is not how business is normally conducted and that HIPPA laws and regulations are taken seriously within the organization. To ensure that this does not happen again, there should be a mandatory training centered on client confidentiality and rules and regulations of HIPPA, and certificate of completions could be provided to the client to ensure that they are aware of your dedication to mend the relationship. References Bord, J.D, DDS MSD MA, Burke, W., MD Ph.D., & Dudzinski, D.M.., Ph.D. MTS (2013).Confidentiality. Ethics in Medicine. University of Washington School of Medicine. Retrieved from: https://depts.washington.edu/bioethx/topics/confiden.html Confidentiality case study: Serious Communicable Diseases. General Medical Council: Working With doctors working for patients. Retrieved from:http://www.gmcuk.org/guidance/ethical_guidance/confidentiality_serious_communicable_diseases.asp Merriam Webster., Provision. (2014). Retrieved September 1, 2014.

Emily Dickinson Essay

American poet, Emily Dickinson, is a great example of the transition from the wordy Romantic style of writing to literary transcendentalism. Dickinson’s elliptical style and compact phrases are heavily exemplified in her poem 1577(1545), â€Å"The Bible is an antique Volume. † This piece is full of satire as the speaker questions society’s blind obedience to Christianity and ultimately suggests the embracing of a new religion. The speaker gracefully degrades the Bible’s right as the solitary means to interpret humanity and proposes that the audience finds something new to believe. In the first line, the metaphor referring the Bible as merely â€Å"an antique volume† speaks volumes. Dictionary. com defines volume in this context as, â€Å"a collection of written or printed sheets bound together and constituting a book. † The speaker views the Bible as an â€Å"antique† anthological collection of stories that can be priced rather than the acronym –Basic Instructions Before Leaving Earth. In the second and third lines, the validity of the authors of the Bible is questioned. Faded Men† and â€Å"at the suggestion of Holy Spectres† connotes the men where told what to write and didn’t experience that life themselves. These lines, and the entire poem, are mostly bereft of the elaborate syntax communal in Dickinson’s other poems. Those familiar with biblical persons understand the significance of Satan, Judas, and David and the impact of their roles in the Christian faith. As a Christian reader, the simplicity of the lines, â€Å"Satan—the Brigadier, Judas—the Great Defaulter, David—the Troubadour†, reduces the persons’ history. Although the descriptions denote some truth, there is more to them than that. Satan, the â€Å"prince of the air (Ephesians 2:2)†, is responsible for tempting Eve into eating the forbidden fruit hence leading to man’s â€Å"distinguished precipice. † David wasn’t just a psalmist, he was one of Israel’s greatest kings and he is part of Jesus’ lineage. Dickinson’s literary genius foreshadows what is happening in the twenty-first century. Today, being a Christian isn’t popular and life is harder for teenagers and young adults. This is demonstrated perfectly in â€Å"Boys that â€Å"believe† are very lonesome†. Believers can’t do what nonbelievers are doing without being convicted (1 Peter 1:14- As obedient children, do not conform to the evil desires you had when you lived in ignorance). The nonbelievers are â€Å"lost† and don’t know any better. Traditional churches push the â€Å"lost† farther away because of the hypocrisy and arbitrariness of renowned religious leaders. The holier-than –thou leaders are the worst offenders because they are doing what they teach will â€Å"condemn† you. As a result, â€Å"Orpheus’ Sermon captivated† and Christianity is shunned. Both atheists and Christians can appreciate the theme of this poem- everyone has to believe in something. Hebrews 11:1 defines faith best as â€Å"the substance of things hoped for and the evidence of things not seen. † Unless a person has a personal relationship with God, they won’t really understand the meaning of faith- the essence of Christianity. The speaker encourages readers to not rely solely on what they are told but to challenge it and learn for their self.

A Man s World On Wall Street - 1638 Words

To Be a Man What makes a man, a man? Herman Melville’s â€Å"Bartleby, the Scrivener,† written in 1851, undoubtedly constructs a man’s world on Wall Street. During this time, it would be said that men and women had a certain role to fulfill. It just so happened that men were considered superior over women during the 1800’s. However, Melville wasn’t completely prosperous exterminating women from his narrative. Herman Melville’s â€Å"Bartleby the Scrivener,† is full of male characters. Bartleby, Turkey, Nippers, and Ginger Nut were all the male characters presented in Melville’s narrative. However, woman-like qualities surely shined through some of the characters. Thus, it would seem that Melville promoted masculinity by the usage of male characters in â€Å"Bartleby, the Scrivener,† but at the same time he was secretly using woman-like qualities. Hence, what really makes a man, a man? Feminine qualities could be interpreted throughout the short story, breaking through the barriers Melville tried to create. There was only a single mention of a female character in â€Å"Bartleby, the Scrivener†. The narrator stated, â€Å"One was kept by a woman residing in the attic, which person weekly scrubbed and daily swept and dusted my apartments† (Melville 1494). This quotation clearly shows the role of women during this time. The only mention of a woman in â€Å"Bartleby, the Scrivener† was in a passing reference to a woman cleaning the lawyer’s apartment. The role of a woman was finally presented in Melville’sShow MoreRelatedLondon s Delusive Visionary, Banksy1475 Words   |  6 PagesAngeles, Syria, and Brooklyn but he is known all over the world for mocking our society and people seem to be drawn to it, including myself. Even though graffiti is not known for making an impact to society, Street art can reflect a feeling because all art has some meaning and the artist has a reason for painting it for the public to see. The British graffiti artist started off as a freehand graffiti artist, one of three his his crew in the 1990’s. Banksy later on was influenced by Inky, Nicky WalkerRead MoreThe Great Gatsby And Death Of A Salesman1241 Words   |  5 PagesGreat Gatsby by F.Scott Fitzgerald, William Shakespeare s Macbeth, Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller and The Wolf of Wall Street by Jordan Belfort. In this essay, I will discuss the two ways over ambition can cause an individual s downfall. The first is setting unattainable goals which we can see in The Great Gatsby and Death of a Salesman. The second is trying to achieve your goals unethically, seen in Macbeth and in The Wolf of Wall Street . The idea of ambition and striving for achievement isRead MoreJordan Belfort The Wolf Of Wall Street 1285 Words   |  6 PagesBhumi Patel Mr. Grosse US History May 4, 2017 Jordan Belfort â€Å"The Wolf of Wall Street† Jordan Belfort, better known as â€Å"The Wolf of Wall Street†, is a man who lived the high life of the top one percent of the upper class America. Belfort by definition is not a man who is commonly referred to in our history as a man who is looked upon. Belfort is known as a former stockbroker, but is currently a motivational speaker and an author. Belfort lived a life very well abusing everything he had whetherRead MoreThe First Painting Is About Spirituality882 Words   |  4 Pagespainting is about spirituality. Although it doesn’t look like showing spirituality, it has extended meanings. This painting was made by the artist whose name is Victor Brauner. He grew up in Romania, and then he went to Pyrenees to take refuge from World War II. 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Statement of Purpose for Computer Science - 812 Words

It is universally agreeable that with the advent of Computer technology, every ambitious and enthusiastic individual is really obsessed with the idea of doing computer science at graduate level because it seems to have created a zeal and enthusiasm in the hearts of youth, particularly those who aspire to be marked as high achievers. I, for one, seem to have been enchanted by these computer applications as they have made the world smaller, speaking in terms of globalization. I have no hesitation to add that core computerization alone is the suitable answer to all the areas unexploited and to the areas waiting for development. It has always been a fascination for me about how computers work, how these applications are designed and what can be the newer ways to explore the world of computers to make our world better. This interest became a passion for me when I was exposed to computer science basics, during my middle school. Pursuing computer science engineering at undergraduate level, further propelled my passion for computer science along with providing me a deeper insight and in-depth understanding of the subject. After completing my under graduation in Computer Science, I am willing to expedite my research interest and a masters degree seemed the most appropriate choice for realizing my aspirations. Since my school days, I have been interested in Mathematics because the challenge of thinking and the process of logic always attracted me to Mathematical problems. With myShow MoreRelatedStatement of Purpose of Computer Science827 Words   |  3 PagesSTATEMENT OF PURPOSE Every generation has its own dimension. 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What Causes Air Pollution And What Effect Does It Have On...

TOPIC: What causes air pollution and what effect does it have on us. SPECIFIC PURPOSE: At the end of my speech, the audience will be able to understand what is air pollution, what causes air pollution and what effect does it have on us. INTRODUCTION: What is air? That is the answer I want you to ask yourself. Air is an essential thing we need in our life. It is the most important thing in our life. Compare to food and water, air would be first because without air we would die instantly, without food we can last 1-2 month and without water 2-3 week. In the past decade we have tremendously tainted our air causing it to be polluted in a way that has hurt us more than help us. CENTRAL IDEA: Understanding what air pollution is, what it can cause and the effect it has on us. PREVIEW: Today I’m going to explained to you what is air and how precious it is to our life. [Transition: Let s me start by explaining what is air] BODY: I. What is air and why is it important to us. A. Air is very important to us because it is what we need to stay alive. 1. Air is what keeps us alive, we wake up every day breathing air. 2. Air is consists of about 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and other gases. 3. Air is an invisible gases that cannot be seen. [Transition: Now that we have learn what is air that bring us to what causes air to be polluted.] B. What is air pollution? 1. Pollution is a harmful material that introduces itself to air. 2. Air pollution occur when the air contain: gas, fume,Show MoreRelatedPollution Pollution is the contamination of the environment which is a serious problem that1700 Words   |  7 Pages Pollution Pollution is the contamination of the environment which is a serious problem that causes instability, disorder, harm and discomfort to the ecosystem and those who live in it. There are many types of pollution such as water pollution, air pollution, sound pollution, soil pollution etc. Pollution happens every single day and it has now become the way of living. Among the many types of water pollutants such as chemical, microbiological, ground, and surface water pollutants; Oil spillsRead MoreThe Pollution Of China Air Pollution1473 Words   |  6 Pages120 4/30/2015 Air Pollution in China â€Å"Anyone s life truly lived consists of work, sunshine, exercise, soap, plenty of fresh air, and a happy contented spirit,† -Lillie Langtry(BrainyQuote); air is important part of life without we cannot live, yet the people in China breath in pollution air which is slowing killing their population. Most of us take the air we breathe for granted and never stop to think that we are slowly causing theRead MoreThe Effects Of Air Pollution On Our Lives1304 Words   |  6 Pagesrecent years, air pollution has been the main cause of health problems in this society. Air pollution has caused so many health related sickness to the life we live in now. Air pollution has brought in high increases of poisonous gases that impact the weather by global warming, and the air we breathe. As we breathe this toxic air we get in the same chemicals that are mostly found in cigarettes. Some people could get many diseases breathing this kind of air today, because the cigarettes have so many chemi calsRead MorePollution And Polution Solution722 Words   |  3 PagesPollution Solution When you think of the environment, what do you see? There are beautiful oceans, scenery, and wonderful fresh air. But, if you take a closer look, you will see all of the pollution in every one of these places. We will discuss each of these places and the pollution in them. We will also see the types of pollution and how we can help to minimize it. Everybody needs to take care of the Earth and take action to minimize pollution because with everyones help, we can do it. 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Environmental pollution has many different faces from air pollution to water pollution. But the main one I am going to focus on is air pollution and how it affects us in a negative way. In this paper I am going to show you how air pollution can affect us and how it can affect the world. I am also going to show how we can prevent pollution from getting any more out of hand that it already has. AccordingRead MoreThe Quality of Our Air Essay539 Words   |  3 PagesOur Air Is the air that we are breathing killing us? In this speech you will learn all that you need to know about air pollution. First I will give you the causes of air pollution, then I will list the effects of it, and finally I will tell you how we can prevent air pollution. The average person takes about twenty thousand breaths a day, obviously air is essential to life. Well imagine that the air that you are breathing may be killing you, many diseases are aggravated by air pollution. ScientistsRead MoreThe Effects Of Pollution On Our Planet1081 Words   |  5 PagesThe world we live in is constantly changing with the ways of pollution. How long is it going to be until people start to worry about the damage we are doing to our own home? Many people and families are being affected by pollution every single day. It can cause a variety of health problems that can possibly even lead to death. It’s extremely difficult for people to live in heavily polluted areas. The effects of pollut ion can sometimes last a lifetime. Not just on humans, but animals and plants too

Marketing Companies in UK

Question: Dicuss about the Marketing Companies in UK. Answer: Introduction The business sentiment is tough to understand after the referendum on 23rd June 2016, but majorly the business sector looks vulnerable as they need to reassure the markets. According to Elliott (2016), the economics editor of "The Guardian", the services have taken a hit other than the manufacturing sector as the manufacturers are saved due to the value of the pound that has made the exports cheaper. On the other hand, the UK doing business in the European Union will lead to tariffs on the UK manufactured goods by the European Union. Implication of the Vote Conversely, in another article by Elliott Fletcher (2016), opined that the manufacturers are an all-time low since February 2013. This can be evident in the Market analysis that compiles the data in purchasing managers index (PMI). However, according to Chris Williamson, the business activities in UK decreasing at a faster rate since the global economic crisis in 2009. The UK PMI and GDP can be compared in the figure below to view the deterioration in the economy (Wearden, 2016). Comparison of UK PMI and GDP Source: (Wearden, 2016) Britain's marketers are under pressure but according to Mailjet study in March 2016 found out that the 31% believe that its good for the business while 42% feel that it might not be advantageous for the business. The outcome of Brexit has been far reaching as the consumer confidence has been 18 points lower than what was a year ago as the study stated by GFK (Bacon, 2016). Positive Aspects The positive aspects of UK businesses in EU will lead by having their own regulatory body without altering the ethical standards of the British marketers that they already adhere to. Conversely, the post-Brexit landscape on multinational companies like Toyota and BMW have backed up the business and will be functioning in EU but Audi and Land Rover are in the process to rescue their South Wales steel plants as they believe that their survival might be jeopardized due to Brexit (Inman, 2016). On the other hand, there might be a possibility of expansion in the small business as the tax laws do not constrain them. Additionally, the potential clients might be saved both from time and money in force from the EU (Bearne Lock, 2016). Nevertheless, the competitive nature of the business has been enhanced due to the wiped value of the pound percentage points that have knocked off the margins. As a result, not all stocks is imported which helps in providing the ongoing stability that lowers not only the net impact of the balance sheet but also increased the mobility of global capital. The contradicting fact lies in the proposition that even outside EU, UK has locational advantages for the international business. The fresh evaluation of choice in the marketing companies have stated that they are of the high likelihood that separatist movements might emerge (Cave, 2016). Negative Aspects Adverse aspects of the referendum on marketing companies have been outlined according to the viewpoints of different marketers. WPP CEO Sir Martin Sorrell has been gloomy of the market as UK will no longer be a part of EU which might impact the advertising business. UK might lose influence in different countries like Germany, France, Spain and Italy. Moreover, the tariff, trade costs as well as new barriers will be more that could impact the economic strength of the country. UK doing business in EU have been of utmost questionable authority (Bacon, 2016). On the other hand, the biggest risk is imposed on the competitiveness of small firms. However, uncertainty in the business world highlights the dealing of risks to gauge the outcome. The CEO of Rolls-Royce Torsten Mller-tvsis is of the view that employment will be affected as men and women with skilled employees are from EU countries which will represent the businesses in EU and not in UK (Inman, 2016). Personal Implication The business dependence on EU will not be beneficial for the company as inevitable consequences may overshadow all the positive aspects. To start with uncertainty in the business world, the one thing that highlights the issue are the factors such as new trade agreements and whether it will depend on WTO model or not. Moreover, the EU customers are likely to remain significant in the market, but the manufacturers of BSI standard products will not be accessible to EU markets. The barriers to investment are the other factor that is inevitable due to the overly complicated taxation system, the cost of employment and the tight planning laws undertaken after Brexit. The only cloud that surrounds the business in UK is uncertainty and risk that affects investments and hiring for employment (Cass, et al., 2016). References Bacon, J. (2016).What would Brexit mean for marketers?Marketing Week. Retrieved 24 July 2016, from https://www.marketingweek.com/2016/05/05/what-would-brexit-mean-for-marketers/ Bearne, S. Lock, H. (2016).Opportunity or disaster? Small firms describe the impact of the Brexit vote.The Guardian. Retrieved 24 July 2016, from https://www.theguardian.com/small-business-network/2016/jul/03/opportunity-or-disaster-small-firms-describe-the-impact-of-the-brexit-vote Cass, I., Elliott, L., Dhingra, S., Van Reenan, J. (2016).Would Brexit make UK businesses less competitive?The Guardian. Retrieved 24 July 2016, from https://www.theguardian.com/small-business-network/2016/jun/07/brexit-make-uk-businesses-less-competitive Cave, B. (2016).Brexit: What does it mean for companies doing business in the UK? | Lexology.Lexology.com. Retrieved 24 July 2016, from https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=1fea8283-0b17-497e-8f4f-1fa55e6e3774 Elliott, L. (2016).Post-Brexit economy may actually be worse than Markit's survey suggests.The Guardian. Retrieved 23 July 2016, from https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/jul/22/post-brexit-economy-may-actually-be-worse-than-markits-survey-suggests Elliott, L. Fletcher, N. (2016).Britain's economy shrinking at fastest rate since 2009, says survey. The Guardian. Retrieved 23 July 2016, from https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jul/22/britains-economy-shrinking-at-fastest-rate-since-2009-says-survey Inman, P. (2016).What would British business be like after Brexit? The Guardian. Retrieved 24 July 2016, from https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/jun/18/british-business-after-brexit Wearden, G. (2016).Hammond says Brexit has hit confidence as UK economy shrinks sharply as it happened.The Guardian. Retrieved 23 July 2016, from https://www.theguardian.com/business/live/2016/jul/22/surveys-brexit-impact-uk-eurozone-g20-lagarde-sports-direct-live?page=with:block-5791d998e4b00b50d2e0fd5d#block-5791d998e4b00b50d2e0fd5d

The Magic and Science of Ancient Egyptian Medicine free essay sample

We are lucky that today we have advanced methods and techniques of dealing with our illnesses and injuries. Lazers, CAT scans and blood tests enable contemporary physicians to accurately diagnose and treat whatever it is ailing us. These physicians have also had years of training and have studied medicine in depth. Imagine not having any of the conveniences of modern medicine; no well-trained doctors to treat and no modern machine to help with diagnosing. What was available were (up until about 150 years ago) â€Å"doctors† who were self-taught, usually by dissecting exhumed corpses and\or by trial and error on living patients. One can only think the latter being highly unpleasant. However, falling ill or being injured in Ancient Egypt might not have been all that bad. The ancient Egyptians referred to medicine as a â€Å"necessary art† (Ghalioungi 1973:xi). This name alone tells us that medicine was as essential skill and it was practiced by people who were skilled in the science of medicine. We will write a custom essay sample on The Magic and Science of Ancient Egyptian Medicine or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Egyptian medicine was not a pure science though. It also consisted of magical and mythical aspects. Upon the administering of the medicinal aspect (science), incantations were said (magic) to speed up the healing process. These incantations were directed at the deity responsible (myth). When one takes the magic and myth away and is left with the pure science of Egyptian medicine, it is quite intriguing to note that the remedies used thousands of years ago, are still used today, or form the foundation of modern treatments. For example, in Ancient Egypt, a broken nose would be treated by putting rolls of linen up each nostril in order to hold the nose’s shape during healing. Page 2. Today, broken noses are treated with an external splint and internal packing. Also, a spinal cord injury, resulting in paralyses, was known to be untreatable, as it is today. A wound to the inner ear, or perforation of the ear drum, also share the same, nearly identical ancient and contemporary treatment; the aforementioned used grease, to keep the ear dry and honey, to prevent infection, while the latter makes use of antibiotic ear drops and stern instructions to keep the ear dry, as it is unlikely that anyone today, would be willing to put grease into their ears. But how did we come to know about these ancient medical treatments? . THE EDWIN SMITH PAPYRUS The Edwin Smith Papyrus is an ancient Egyptian medical text on surgical trauma and has been dated to the 16th-17th dynasties of the Second Intermediate Period, ca. 1600BCE. This papyrus is different to the Ebers papyrus and the London Medical Papyrus in that it deals with medicine in a scientific and rational manner, rather than being a medical text based on magic. The Papyrus begins by dealing with head in juries and then continues with treatments for neck, arm and torso injuries. Some of the titles include, â€Å"Instructions concerning a wound above his eyebrow† (Edwin Smith Papyrus: Case 10) and â€Å"Instructions concerning a crushed vertebra of his neck† (Edwin Smith Papyrus: Case 33). In this case, they speak of a man being â€Å"unconscious of his two arms and his two legs† which means the man is paralysed from the neck down. The diagnosis is â€Å"An ailment not to be treated. †, just as we are unable to treat paralysed patients today. When one reads the Edwin Smith Papyrus, it is very apparent that it was written during a war in order to treat war injuries. Page 3. 1. AUTHOURSHIP There has been much debate as to who the author was. A major part of the papyrus was written by one scribe, with only a small section being written by another. Some attribute the text to Imhotep, an architect, high pries and physician of the Old Kingdom (3000-2500BCE). Imhotep was a famous magician but â€Å"medicine was the mistress he most zealously wooed. † (Hurry 1926:23). The highest office that he held during his lifetime, was that of vizier to the Pharoah and that title must have held him in high regards with his patients. He moved in the highest of social circles and rendered fine service the bodies and spirits of this he treated. It has even been said that he, Imhotep, rather than Hippocrates, is the true father of medicine. 3. THE EBERS PAPYRUS The Ebers Papyrus (c. 1550BC) is full of incantations and disgusting applications, which are intended to turn away disease-causing demons and it also includes 877 prescriptions. It may, if ancient medical terminology has been correctly interpreted, contain the earliest account of tumors. Even though it consists of incantations, which are meant to turn away disease-causing demons, it also contains evidence of empirical practice and observation. Some examples of remedies found in the Ebers Papyrus include: For cancer, which is â€Å"a tumor against the god Xenus†, it recommends â€Å"do thou nothing there against. † Today, we know that cancer is â€Å"a group of cells that has lost its normal control mechanisms and thus has unregulated growth. † (Beers 2004:944) and has nothing to do with annoying a deity. A similarity, however, is that in some cases there is nothing that can be done for some cancers. Dracunculiasis (Guinea Worm) was treated by wrapping the emerging end of the worm around a stick and slowly pull it out. 3500 years later, the treatment has not changed. Page 4. These two examples are not too extreme or odd, but the other remedies are somewhat ridiculous. Ebers Prescription Number 465 offers a remedy for baldness, which involves making a mixture of: the fat of 1 lion, the fat of 1 hippo, the fat of 1 crocodile, the fat of 1 tom-cat, the fat of 1 snake and the fat of 1 Nubian Ibex. The mixture must then be rubbed into the head of a bald man. Prescription Number 250 has a unique take on curing a headache. Boil the skull of a catfish in oil, and daub the head with it for 4 days. These remedies may seem rather strange to us, but 2000 years ago, they made perfect sense. Just as we trust our modern day physicians, so did the ancients trust theirs. 4. HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Most of what the ancient Egyptians knew about the human body and its physiology came from the process of mummification. During this process the internal organs were removed and more than likely studied, providing an excellent opportunity for a physiology lesson. They also learnt through observation. For example, pregnancy would have been diagnosed by pulse-rate, inclination to vomit, as well as the appearance of the eyes, breasts and skin pigmentation. (Grahlin 2007:197). 1. HEAD, HEART AND THORACIC CAVITY The Egyptians knew, just as we know today, that the head contained the vitally important brain. By reading the Edwin Smith Papyrus, it becomes very clear that they know the importance of the contents of the head. Case numbers 1-4 indicate how a head injury, that does not involve damaging to skull, should be treated. Page 5. Case numbers 5-8 indicate that an injury that has smashed the skull to any degree, must not be treated. This shows that they knew that if anything touched the brain, the effects could be serious of even fatal. The ancient Egyptians also knew about the functioning of the heart. They knew that it was the center of the blood supply with vessels attached for every member of the body. (www. crystalings. com/egyptmedicine. html:9) They also knew what a pulse was because they felt it in the head, hands, arms and legs. It is unclear whether they knew what the exact function of the liver was, but the Ebers Papyrus does give a cure for a liver complaint. Prescription number 478 says that drinking the following will cure you of your liver complaint. It is unclear what the exact complaint was. 1/8 figs, 1/8 raisins, 1/16 prt-Snj,1/16 jsw plant, 1/64 incense, 1/32 yellow ochre, 1/32 water. All this much be pressed through a sieve, and be drunk over a period of 4 days. Unusual, yes. Effective, unkown. 2. LIMBS AND INJURIES Injuries to limbs were commonplace in ancient Egypt, especially among the laborers. Dr Zahi Hawass excavated more than sex hundred pyramid workers’ tombs. None of the workers were mummified because at that time, it was still reserved for the elite but their bones told a story of a life filled with unrelenting labour. The labourers died young and â€Å"arthritis and degenerative spinal injuries from backbreaking labour were common place. † (Fagan 2001:93) The builders of the pyramids were not slaves; they were freemen. They ranked amongst the finest craftsmen that were in the Pharoah’s employ. The stone was quarried and hauled by farmers, working in annual rotations. Page 6. They were even paid for their services. These workers were well looked after and even though the suffered from injuries caused by hard labour, their injuries were treated with care that was centuries ahead of its time, such as shown in the Edwin Smith Papyrus. A lucky few, probably the higher working class and the rich, were able to get prosthetic limbs and appendages made. In the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, there is an example of a prosthetic toe. 3. DISEASE, ILLNESS AND THEIR REMEDIES AND CURES The ancient Egyptians suffered from the same diseases and illnesses as we do today but because of poor living conditions and diet, they were more susceptible to them. A common disease, Bilhazia, was caused by the Schistosoma worm, which would enter the bloodstream via the feet or legs in order to eggs in the host. It was found in standing water, so it was mainly farm workers who would get it. Diseases of the eye were also commonplace. These would have arisen from the sand particles and dirt from the environment. Many Egyptians wore eye paint containing malachite in an attempt to ward off eye infections. Removal of cloudiness of the eye (cataract) was cured in the following way; 1 rotten wood, 1 verdigris, 1 meal of the colocynth, 1 leaf of the thorny acacia, 1 pearl of resin of the African ebony tree, 1 water of the obw-plant. These ingredients must be mixed into a dough, broken up over water and be put on the outside of both eyes. (Ebers Medical Papyrus: Prescriptions Number 415) Page 7. Problems with the digestive system were usually sorted out by using the oil of the castor plant. If a person had problems passing the contents of their stomach, then chewing the fruit of the castor plant, with some beer â€Å"will remove the suffering in the belly of the man. † (Ebers Medical Papyrus: Prescription Number 251). Skin conditions, such as boils, were treated with Natron. Natron was used to draw moisture out of a body during mummification and a similar process was used to dry out skin infections. A very popular cure-all was honey. Honey is as excellent anti-bacterial because with its high sugar content, micro-organisms cannot grow in it and it would stick to the skin and wound. Raw meat was also applied to wounds. This is very similar to today’s practice of putting steak on a black eye. The meat treatment was followed by the application of honey and oil. It is unsure how the ancient Egyptians knew of these remedies, but it was more than likely through observation and trial and error, much the same way as early surgery was learnt. 5. MEDICINE AND DISPENSING Those who dispensed medicine would also have been well trained as in some instances, those who dispensed the medicine were not necessarily those who offered the cures. Magic and medicine were very closely intertwined and while the cure was being administered, an incantation or spell was said. Page 8. In many instances, a doctor was purely a doctor and would only do the practical part of the cure, such as cleaning wounds, mending bones and making diagnoses. The priests applied the remedies while chanting or circling the wound or injury with an amulet of a certain deity. The healing came from the treatments but the ancients believed that it was a combination of the treatment and the myth that healed. Of course, the priests were trained in their profession, as it would have been unlikely that anyone would have gone to them otherwise. 6. CONCLUSION The ancient Egyptians have always had a reputation of being good at whatever they did. From farming, to building to healing, they always managed to be ahead of their time. Of course, when it came to healing they did not always have the knowledge necessary to heal well or successfully but the written account of their attempts show us that they did seem to know what they were doing. Some of their techniques are still used today simply because they are the best way to treat a particular disorder. They took pride in what they did and even their dead show this care and precision. The wise, ancient physician also knew when a patient was beyond help, as in the case with certain head injuries; they knew that it would be futile to try to treat a patient with a mortal wound or injury. The modern world has learnt much from the ancient Egyptian civilization and still has much to learn from it.